BackgroundNonsurgical and surgical treatments such as immobilization, transarticular pinning, and hinged or nonhinged external fixation have been used to treat unstable elbows. These methods all have drawbacks. We thought that a bent Steinmann pin introduced through the axis of ulnohumeral rotation and attached to the ulna could provide an improved method of treatment and that this could result in the development of a proper internal joint fixator that may have widespread application.Questions/purposesDoes a fully internal hinged fixator crafted intraoperatively by the surgeon from a Steinmann pin for patients undergoing surgery for severe elbow instability result in restoration of range of motion and elbow stability? Does it result in new complications?MethodsWe reviewed the first 10 patients treated with the method for elbow instability. Diagnoses included fracture-dislocations of the elbow that remain unstable after fracture repair and unstable elbows that result from release of contracture or ulnohumeral synostosis. During that time, all patients meeting these criteria who underwent surgery by this surgeon (JLO) were treated with this approach. Charts, radiographs, and therapy notes were assessed at a minimum of 14 months (mean, 32 months; range, 14–59 months); no patients were lost to followup. Data recorded included age, sex, and elbow and forearm range of motion as well as any complications and reoperations that occurred. The absence of elbow instability was determined initially by radiographically observing concentric reduction of the ulnohumeral and radiocapitellar joints and later by radiography plus the absence of clinical signs and symptoms of elbow instability.ResultsMean range of motion at latest followup was flexion 134°, extension −19°, pronation 75°, and supination 64°. All elbows were clinically and radiographically stable. Complications resulting in additional procedures occurred in four patients, including one recurrent deep infection in a patient with a remote history of sepsis, one wound hematoma that resolved after a drainage procedure performed in the office, one prominent implant treated by partial removal, and one patient with heterotopic ossification treated with excision of the heterotopic bone.ConclusionsThis technique restores elbow stability and permits motion without the use of transcutaneous pins. It seems promising for the treatment of patients with severe elbow instability but requires a second procedure for removal. Further investigation is needed to understand its place in the surgeon’s toolbox and what drawbacks it may have.Level of EvidenceLevel IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Background: Various pieces of evidence have shown that people who consume foods rich in polyphenolic and flavonoids compounds have a lower incidence of inflammatory, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Objective: The study aimed to review the most potent compounds that affect the immune response and diseases associated with it. Methods: Publications in PubMed and EmBase, from 1974-2018, and patents form Free patents online, Scifinder, Espacenet and Mendeley in which flavonoids, their semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives are involved in immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Results: In vitro, flavonoids and their derivatives inhibit various transcriptional factors, which modulate differentiation, proliferation, activation of immune cells and enhance regulatory T cell generation. Some flavonoids exert anti-inflammatory effects through: Blockade of NF-κB, and NLRP3 inflammasome, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, down regulation of chemokines, and reduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Nevertheless, several reports have shown that some flavonoids enhance immune response by enhancing: oxygen and nitrogen radicals, antibody production, cytotoxic activity against tumours by increasing activating receptors and down regulating inhibitory receptors. In consequence, flavonoids may be potentially useful for treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Conclusion: The most potent flavonoids in inflammation that modify immune responses are apigenin, quercetin and Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) although, other compounds are still under study and cannot be excluded. The most relevant patents concerning the use of flavones and other polyphenols were revised. A promising future of these compounds in different therapies is discussed.
Thalidomide and its immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) analogues CC-5013 (Revlimid, Lenalidomide) and CC-4047 (Actimid, Pomalidomide) have been used as anti-inflammatory and anticancerous drugs in the recent years. Thalidomide and IMiDs inhibit the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukins (IL) 1-beta, 6, 12, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). They also costimulate primary human T, NKT and NK lymphocytes inducing their proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity. On the other hand, the compounds are anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative, and pro-apoptotic. Thalidomide analogues have been used as inhibitors of alpha glucosidase and could be potential drugs for diabetes treatment. In this review, we explore the current trend of the different structures, the new patents, and the possible new applications in different pathologies.
Twelve 7‐chloroquinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized using the principle of molecular hybridization through the coupling of 2‐[2‐(7‐chloroquinolin‐4‐ylthio)‐4‐methylthiazol‐5‐yl]acetic acid 1 with various benzoyl hydrazines 2a–l. The synthetic compounds were tested as antimalarials. Some of them showed an efficient in vitro activity as inhibitors of β‐hematin formation and an in vivo activity in a murine model, resulting in compounds 8 and 9 as the most active ones with IC50 values of 0.65 ± 0.09 and 0.64 ± 0.16 µM, respectively. The effects of the compounds on the cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis induction of A549 and MCF‐7 cancer cell lines were also examined. Our data showed that compounds 6 and 12 were the most active agents, decreasing the cell viability of MCF‐7 cells with IC50 values of 15.41 and 12.99 µM, respectively. None of the compounds analyzed significantly affected the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Also, significant induction of apoptosis was observed when both cancer cell lines were incubated with compounds 6 and 12. In MCF‐7 cells, treatment with these compounds led to cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. The results obtained suggest that these structures may be useful in developing new therapies for malaria and cancer treatment.
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