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Specific-pathogen-free Pacific herring Clupea pallasi were reared in the laboratory from eggs and then challenged at 5, 9, and 13 months of age by waterborne exposure to low (101.5-2 .5 plaque-forming units [PFU] per milliliter), medium (103.5-4.

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The diversity of protein isoforms arising from alternative splicing is thought to modulate fine-tuning of synaptic plasticity. Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a neuronal RNA binding protein, exists in isoforms as a result of alternative splicing, but the contribution of these isoforms to neural plasticity are not well understood. We show that two isoforms of Drosophila melanogaster FMRP (dFMR1) have differential roles in mediating neural development and behavior functions conferred by the dfmr1 gene. These isoforms differ in the presence of a protein interaction module that is related to prion domains and is functionally conserved between FMRPs. Expression of both isoforms is necessary for optimal performance in tests of short-and long-term memory of courtship training. The presence or absence of the protein interaction domain may govern the types of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes dFMR1 assembles into, with different RNPs regulating gene expression in a manner necessary for establishing distinct phases of memory formation.

The tibiofemoral compressive force and neutral joint position were best replicated with a low graft tension (1-15 N) when using a patellar tendon graft.

Sixty-eight patients undergoing outpatient knee arthroscopy for treatment of meniscal tears or loose bodies were divided into three treatment groups (zolpidem [24 patients], control [24 patients], and placebo [20 patients]). All groups received postoperative hydrocodone and ibuprofen. Patients in the zolpidem group received a single dose of zolpidem tartrate for the fi rst seven postoperative nights. Patients in the placebo group received a gelatin capsule similar in appearance to zolpidem and patients in the control group received only hydrocodone and ibuprofen. Patients in the control group demonstrated signifi cantly worse mean daily postoperative pain and more daily postoperative fatigue on visual analog scales when compared with the zolpidem group (Pϭ.03 and Pϭ.04, respectively). Patients in the placebo group had worse daily postoperative pain and more daily postoperative fatigue when compared to the zolpidem group, although these differences did not reach statistical signifi cance (Pϭ.15, powerϭ0.6; and Pϭ.27, powerϭ0.48, respectively). Patients in the control group consumed signifi cantly higher quantities of hydrocodone/acetaminophen postoperatively (Pϭ.04) than patients in the zolpidem group. Finally, patients in the placebo group consumed higher quantities of hydrocodone/acetaminophen than the zolpidem group although the difference did not reach statistical signifi cance (Pϭ.4; powerϭ0.15). Power was calculated for each insignifi cant relationship based on observed effect and sample sizes and variances.This study demonstrates that sleep and fatigue may be an important factor in the effective pain management following knee arthroscopy. Future postoperative treatment regimens should address sleep and fatigue to maximize analgesic effects in these patients.

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