Diabetes mellitus (DM) results from the inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin or weakened cellular response to the insulin produced, which leads to hyperglycemia. Current treatments of DM focus on the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs such as acarbose, alpha-glucose inhibitors, sulphonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and biguanides to control blood glucose levels. However, these medications are known to have various side effects in addition to their bioavailability, efficacy, and safety concerns. These drawbacks have increased interest in the anti-diabetic potential of plant-derived bioactive compounds such as oleanolic and maslinic acids. Although their efficacy in ameliorating blood glucose levels has been reported in several studies, their bioavailability and efficacy remain of concern. The current review examines the anti-diabetic effects of oleanolic, maslinic, asiatic, ursolic, and corosolic acids and their derivatives, as well as the progress made thus far to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy. The literature for the current review was gathered from leading academic databases—including Google Scholar and PubMed—the key words listed below were used. The literature was searched as widely and comprehensively as possible without a defined range of dates.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder of carbohydrates and lipids that is characterized by hyperglycemia. 1 DM is known to result from defect in insulin secretion, action or both. 2 Poor management of diabetes mellitus can degenerate into debilitating conditions including heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, leg amputation, vision loss, nerve damage and erectile dysfunction. 1 The inability of the cells to assimilate glucose formed via stepwise catabolism of carbohydrates with α-amylase and α-glucosidase, leads to hyperglycemia. Likewise, hyperactivity of pancreatic lipase results to increase in lipid metabolism which also triggers hyperlipidemia. 3-4 Therefore, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia continue to be the underlying factors in the onset of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 5 In addition, reactive oxygen species also play crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. 6 Despite the potency of currently used diabetic drugs such as acarbose, Voglibose, Miglitol, insulin mimetics and secretagogues, they still are associated with adverse side effects. 7 Therefore, the search for alternative In-vitro Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes mellitus has been identified as one of the global cause of disability and death. Objectives: The study aim to investigate the in-vitro antidibetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves. Materials and Methods: The plant was screened for its Phytochemical composition. The plant material was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extract was screened (in-vitro) for its antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays. The potential antidiabetic activity of the plant extract was evaluated against some carbohydrates (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and lipid (pancreatic lipase) digestive enzymes. The inverted intestinal sac model was also used to investigate the effect of the extract on intestinal glucose absorption. The anti-protein glycation activity of the extract was determined using haemoglobin. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of most of the phytochemicals (Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids etc) that were screened for. The crude extract exhibited the antidiabetic potential as it significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in a dose dependent fashion. The extract also effectively reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The extract further showed antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals with IC 50 values of 68.3 µg/ml and 308 µg/ml, respectively. The extract also inhibited haemoglobin glycation, thus displaying the anti-protein glycation potential. Conclusion: It is apparent that E. ferox extract could serve as scaffold for diabetic therapy. For future study, cytotoxicity profile and in vivo investigation of the antidiabetic activity of the crude extract are essential.
However, there is still a paucity of scientific evidence regarding the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of this plant, despite its usage in folklore medicine. Hence, this study is the first report of the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Strychnos madagascariensis fruit.
This chapter studies the nature, causes, effects, and proffers possible remedies for the menace of human trafficking in contemporary society from the perspective of the Bible. It reviews the situation with the experiences of Joseph in the Old Testament and the slave girl in the New Testament. Victims are lured with the quest for survival due to economic difficulties, get rich quick syndrome resulting from the misplaced value system, while others are forced. It is inhuman; a cause of pain, suffering, sorrow, grief, and death; robs man of every right and privilege; and demeans the value of humanity and reduces him to a mere commodity and possession of no value. Moreover, it shows a world in dire need of God's salvation and liberty. Thus, human trafficking in its contemporary time is a repeat of history in its most gruesome and cruel manner. To this end, lessons drawn from Joseph and the slave girl's encounters are put to bear as the way forward for modern and future paradigms of human trafficking.
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