Reserves of fossil primary energy carriers are limited. Consequently liquid secondary energy carriers especially for mobile applications made from fossil reserves will not carry on forever but need to be replaced in a not-to-far future. Two substitution strategies are currently under investigation -the use of oil from plant seeds either directly or after chemical modification (biodiesel) or the gasification of complete plants, use of the product gases (mainly CO and H 2 ) in a Fischer-Tropsch process with subsequent refining. A third possible pathway would be the so-called direct liquefaction, i.e., the conversion of complete plants into liquid fuels without gasification. This process is discussed and various technical implementations are critically evaluated in the present paper.

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Abstract. Dust formation in turbulent media is studied adopting the example of brown dwarf atmospheres. By combining asymptotic techniques and time-dependent, multi-dimensional numerical simulations, we show that acoustic waves originating from convective motions provide a mechanism to initiate dust nucleation in otherwise dust-hostile environments. The subsequently growing particles cause a radiative cooling strong enough to reinitiate efficient dust formation resulting in a strongly inhomogeneous distribution of dust in such environments. Recent observations bear indications for such cloudy dust distributions in brown dwarf atmospheres.

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