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Some autoimmune disorders are increasingly recognized as risk factors for nonHodgkin lymphoma (NHL) overall, but large-scale systematic assessments of risk of NHL subtypes are lacking. We performed a pooled analysis of selfreported autoimmune conditions and risk of NHL and subtypes, including 29 423 participants in 12 case-control studies. We computed pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (

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Objective To estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy among Australians aged 70 years or more, 2006–2017. Design, setting and participants Analysis of a random 10% sample of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data for people aged 70 or more who were dispensed PBS‐listed medicines between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2017. Main outcome measures Prevalence of continuous polypharmacy (five or more unique medicines dispensed during both 1 April – 30 June and 1 October – 31 December in a calendar year) among older Australians, and the estimated number of people affected in 2017; changes in prevalence of continuous polypharmacy among older concessional beneficiaries, 2006–2017. Results In 2017, 36.1% of older Australians were affected by continuous polypharmacy, or an estimated 935 240 people. Rates of polypharmacy were higher among women than men (36.6% v 35.4%) and were highest among those aged 80–84 years (43.9%) or 85–89 years (46.0%). The prevalence of polypharmacy among PBS concessional beneficiaries aged 70 or more increased by 9% during 2006–2017 (from 33.2% to 36.2%), but the number of people affected increased by 52% (from 543 950 to 828 950). Conclusions The prevalence of polypharmacy among older Australians is relatively high, affecting almost one million older people, and the number is increasing as the population ages. Our estimates are probably low, as we could not take over‐the‐counter or complementary medicines or private prescriptions into account. Polypharmacy can be appropriate, but there is substantial evidence for its potential harm and the importance of rationalising unnecessary medicines, particularly in older people.

We performed a pooled analysis of data on atopic disease and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) from 13 case-control studies, including 13,535 NHL cases and 16,388 controls. Selfreported atopic diseases diagnosed 2 years or more before NHL diagnosis (cases) or interview (controls) were analyzed. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were computed in two-stage random-effects or joint fixedeffects models, and adjusted for age, sex, and study center. When modeled individually, lifetime history of asthma, hay fever, specific allergy (excluding hay fever, asthma, and eczema), and food allergy were associated with a significant reduction in NHL risk, and there was no association for eczema. When each atopic condition was included in the same model, reduced NHL risk was only associated with a history of allergy (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68-0.94) and reduced B-cell NHL risk was associated with history of hay fever (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.77-0.95) and allergy (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.76-0.93). Significant reductions in B-cell NHL risk were also observed in individuals who were likely to be truly or highly atopic-those with hay fever, allergy, or asthma and at least one other atopic condition over their lifetime. The inverse associations were consistent for the diffuse large B-cell and follicular subtypes. Eczema was positively associated with lymphomas of the skin; misdiagnosis of lymphoma as eczema is likely, but progression of eczema to cutaneous lymphoma cannot be excluded. This pooled study shows evidence of a modest but consistent reduction in the risk of B-cell NHL associated with atopy.

Poor adherence in long-term use of statins is commonplace, but a number of key predictors-including age, language other than English spoken at home, smoking status and psychological distress-are readily assessable by the prescribing practice.

There are limited data characterizing the subtype-specific incidence of lymphoid neoplasms in the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification era. Data were obtained on all incident lymphoid neoplasms registered in Australia during . Subtypes were grouped using the InterLymph nested hierarchical classification, based on the 2008 WHO Classification. Temporal trends were examined using Joinpoint regression; average annual percentage change in incidence was computed. Multiple Poisson regression was used to compare incidence by sex and age. The incidence of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) increased by 2.5%/year during 1982-1996 and was stable thereafter. During 1997During -2006, several mature B-and natural killer (NK)-/T-cell NHL subtypes increased in incidence, including diffuse large B-cell (1.3%/year), follicular (2.5%/year), Burkitt (6.8%/year), marginal zone (13.2%/year), mantle cell (4.2%/year), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (4.7%/year) and plasmacytoma (7.1%/year). While chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence was stable, small lymphocytic lymphoma incidence declined (8.1%/year). Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) incidence increased during 1997-2006 (2.2%/year), both classical (4.3%/year) and nodular lymphocyte predominant (12.1%/year) HL. Diagnostic artifact, evidenced by a sustained decline in the incidence of NHL not otherwise specified (NOS; 5.8%/year) and lymphoid neoplasms NOS (5.6%/year), limits the interpretation of temporal trends for some subtypes. A marked male predominance was observed for almost all subtypes. Incidence of mature B-and NK-/T-cell NHL subtypes increased sharply with age, except for Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia. For HL subtypes, a bimodal age distribution was only evident for nodular sclerosis HL. Variation in incidence patterns over time and by sex and age supports etiological differences between lymphoid neoplasm subtypes.Lymphoid neoplasms, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), plasma cell neoplasms and lymphoid leukemias, collectively represent the fifth most common malignancy in Australia. 1 Their etiology is largely unknown, with specific infections and immunodeficiency being the only established risk factors. Descriptive studies in the United States and Europe show differences in demographic 2-4 and temporal 3,5 incidence patterns between lymphoid neoplasm subtypes, which, together with observations from analytical studies, 6 suggest differences in etiology.There have been few comprehensive studies of subtypespecific incidence patterns. [2][3][4]7 The existence of multiple classification schemes 8 and variable exclusion criteria make comparisons challenging. These schemes include the Working Formulation (WF, 1982), the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) Classification (1994) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of

were inductions. As planned births increased, maternal risks shifted, including a decline in inductions with maternal hypertension from 31.9% to 23.9%. Earlier birth was contemporaneous with increases (trend P<0.001) in neonatal and maternal morbidity from 3.0% to 3.2% and 0.9 % to 1.3%, respectively. Conclusion:Planned birth before the due date is increasing but without reducing perinatal deaths.