Molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south Asian cyprinid genera Danio , Devario and Microrasbora (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae). -Zoologica Scripta, 38, 237-256. Molecular analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from 159 species of the family Cyprinidae supports the subfamily Danioninae, of which Rasborinae is shown to be a junior synonym. Analysis of combined cytochrome b and a fragment of the nuclear rhodopsin gene from 68 species, including 43 species representing the subfamily Danioninae, supports phylogenetic distinctness of Danio and Devario. In the combined molecular analysis Microrasbora rubescens, Chela, Laubuca, Devario, and Inlecypris form a clade with M. gatesi , M. nana and M. kubotai being in sister group position to the rest. The sister group of this Devario clade is Danio . Inlecypris is synonymized with Devario. Microdevario, new genus, is proposed for M. gatesi , M. nana and M. kubotai , supported by morphological characters. In the cytochrome b analysis, M. rubescens falls outside Devario , and there is no morphological support for including M. rubescens in Devario . In the cytochrome b analysis Esomus + Danionella is the sister group of Danio and Devario clades, whereas in individual rhodopsin and combined analyses Esomus is the sister group of Danio , and of Danio and the Devario clade, respectively. Sundadanio presents at least one strong morphological synapomorphy with Danio , but is positioned in molecular trees either as a member of the Cyprininae or as sister group of the remaining Danioninae. In the morphological analysis, small-sized species grouped together based on shared reductions that are not necessarily synapomorphies. In the molecular analysis, small-sized species such as Danionella and Sundadanio possess long branches and their position varies, but they did not group together. This suggests morphological homoplasy, but phylogenetic positions are not well supported in the molecular analyses Corresponding author: Sven O Kullander, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History,

This report describes a set of 21 polymerase chain reaction primers and amplification conditions developed to barcode practically any teleost fish species according to their mitochondrial cytochrome b and nuclear rhodopsin gene sequences. The method was successfully tested in more than 200 marine fish species comprising the main Actinopterygii family groups. When used in phylogenetic analyses, its combination of two genes with different evolutionary rates serves to identify fish at the species level. We provide a flow diagram indicating our validated polymerase chain reaction amplification conditions for barcoding and species identification applications as well as population structure or haplotyping analyses, adaptable to high‐throughput analyses.

Phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference, likelihood and parsimony methods was conducted on 60 complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from 21 species of Crenicichla, including all species known from Uruguay (

Complete 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences and partial 28S rDNA sequences from a selection of rhabditophoran taxa were obtained and used in combination with literature data to determine the phylogenetic position of the Prolecithophora and of two families sometimes included in the Prolecithophora, the Urastomidae and the Genostomatidae. The results are largely compatible with earlier molecular studies when supported clades are considered, and adjusting for the denser taxonomic sampling of this study. The position of the Proseriata is not compatible with the taxon Seriata, which is rejected. The Rhabdocoela excluding the Fecampiida and the Neodermata is monophyletic. The phylogenetic position of the Neodermata cannot be determined, but its placement is not compatible with the proposed taxa Revertospermata and Mediofusata Kornakova & Joffe, 1999, which are rejected. The Urastomidae and the Genostomatidae in all analyses group with the Fecampiida, and it is our recommendation that these taxa be included in the Fecampiida. The amended Fecampiida always group separately from the Prolecithophora sensu stricto, the Rhabdocoela, and the Neodermata. Our analyses reveal the existence of a strongly supported clade consisting of Prolecithophora + Tricladida + the amended Fecampiida, and we propose the name Adiaphanida for this clade. Tentatively the sister group of the Prolecithophora is a clade consisting of the Tricladida + amended Fecampiida.

A recent phylogenetic analysis of the Myxinidae based on the 16S rRNA gene resulted in synonymization of Paramyxine with Eptatretus. This created homonymy of Paramyxine fernholmi with Eptatretus fernholmi and Paramyxine wisneri with Eptatretus wisneri. In order to resolve this nomenclatural dilemma, we made a more extensive phylogenetic assessment of the Myxinidae and examined the nomenclature of the family. We used 75 sequences (37 of which new for this study) of a 561 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene, representing 33 species, and 72 sequences (37 of which new for this study) of a 687 bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, representing 23 species, to reconstruct the phylogeny of Myxinidae. The monophyly of the subfamily Myxininae, traditionally characterized by having a single pair of external gill openings, was rejected (0.50 Bayesian posterior probability) by the 16S analysis, but supported by the COI and combined COI+16S analyses (0.99 and 0.81 Bpp, respectively). The monophyly of the subfamily Eptatretinae, characterized by having several pairs of external gill openings, was not supported by the 16S analysis and rejected by the COI and combined COI+16S analysis due to the placement of Eptatretus lopheliae as the earliest branch of Myxinidae (0.71 and 0.57 Bpp, respectively). Eptatretus lopheliae and Eptatretus rubicundus formed a monophyletic group and were allocated to a new genus, Rubicundus, characterized by the presence of an elongated tubular nostril and reddish coloration. A new monotypic subfamily, Rubicundinae, was proposed for Rubicundus. The synonymy of the genera Paramyxine and Quadratus with Eptatretus was confirmed. E. fernholmi is renamed Eptatretus luzonicus. Eptatretus wisneri was renamed Eptatretus bobwisneri. Petromyzon cirrhatus Forster, 1801, Homea banksii Fleming, 1822, and Bdellostoma forsteri Müller, 1836 are synonyms, but no type specimens are known to exist. Petromyzon cirrhatus was designated as type species of Eptatretus, conserving present usage. Gastrobranchus dombeyi Shaw, 1804 has priority over other names for Chilean myxinids. Bdellostoma stoutii was designated as type species of Polistotrema Gill. The validity of the Western Atlantic Myxine limosa as distinct from the Eastern Atlantic Myxine glutinosa was confirmed.