The British government's philosophy of maintaining dependency groups in the community, coupled with the rising numbers of frail elderly and dwindling pool of informal carers, has highlighted the need for appropriate professional interventions in this area. However, a failure to adequately conceptualize the needs of carers has, in the past, resulted in interventions often being inappropriate, irrelevant or unavailable. This paper advocates a major role for the nursing profession in redressing this balance. Using the findings of a postal survey on the problems and satisfactions of caring, the authors suggest how nurses might modify their current practice to maximize their contribution to this important but neglected area of their work.
The use of the term ‘family (informal) carer’, as it is currently conceptualized, is recent and is largely the product of increased attention in the academic and policy literature over the last two decades. Despite their fairly late arrival on the scene, family carers now occupy centre stage in UK government policy, having being described by the Prime Minister, Tony Blair, as the ‘unsung heroes’ of British life, who are essential to the fabric and character of Britain. Such recognition stems from the growing realization that family carers are the lynchpin of community care, providing 80% of all the care needed at an estimated saving to the UK government of some £40 billion annually.
We report the catalytic conversion of HMF-derived 1,6-hexanediol (HDO) to adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine (HMD) for nylon-6,6 production. Selective oxidation of HDO to adipic acid in yields of ∼90 mol% was achieved with 1 wt% Au/C and 3 wt% Pt/TiO 2 under basic and acidic conditions, respectively. In addition, HDO can undergo oxidative amination to form adiponitrile in selectivity of 66.4 mol% by utilizing a homogeneous iodine-containing organic molecule as oxidant and aqueous ammonia as nitrogen source. Adiponitrile can be subsequently hydrogenated over a Raney nickel catalyst to HMD in close to quantitative yields.
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