There seems to be a lack of communication between communities and the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) when exoffenders are re-integrated to the communities (Zondi 2012). The international approach that the South African government subscribe to, perceive rehabilitation as ensuring that imprisoned offenders are treated with care and dignity such that their re-entry to society should not be a challenge (Cilliers & Smit 2007; Singh 2008). There is still no difference between rehabilitation and incarceration in South Africa due to the correctional environment. The rate of incarceration has increased dramatically where prisons are filled to capacity with an alarming overcrowding that leads to bad environments for the offenders. Crime continues inside the prison walls and gangs are rife behind bars (Singh 2008). The available data on recidivism is an indication that the ex-offenders that are released by the DCS are not rehabilitated (Freeman 2003). However, the move by the democratically elected South African government from the Department of Prisons to the Department of Correctional Services designates that the intention was to move from mere incarceration to corrections and rehabilitation of offenders (Cheliotis 2008). But this correctional objective seems to be defeated if a corrected inmate gets back to join a family that is already dysfunctional, and hence involuntarily the corrected inmate reverts back to his/her offence. The DCS (2005) compatibly tries to address the issue of rehabilitation and re-entry of offenders to their communities including the importance of the family in the rehabilitation of offenders. Nonetheless, if offenders are returning to neighbourhoods that do not provide access to the sort of services that are important for re-integrating ex-offenders into the broader community; it stands to reason that the ex-offenders will be less likely to succeed in the post-release transition and more likely to recidivate. Consequently, the rehabilitation of an incarcerated inmate with the exclusion of the family could be an incomplete process. Hence this paper seeks to ascertain the characteristics and determinants of recidivism.
Most of the authors have discussed how technology could enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the production in various businesses. Yet, there is still a gap in literature, and little has been researched about the business inequalities which are fuelled by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) between Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) and corporates. The aim of this paper is to theoretically analyse the business inequalities instigated by the 4IR between corporates and SMEs. The paper argues that the 4IR is advocated by the corporates to increase their production because they are well-resourced and is a disadvantage to the SMEs due to their poor resources. The inadequate analysis of the business inequalities due to the inception of the 4IR provides a vacuum for further conceptual investigation of the phenomenon. The paper used literature-based methodology to analyze the business inequalities brought by the 4IR between corporates and SMEs. This methodology provided an extensive conceptual review of the literature regarding the subject under investigation. This paper reveals that the critical factor of production in corporates appears to be technology which increases production. In that, the 4IR is beneficial to the corporates and a disadvantage to the SMEs. Therefore, the literature indicated that there is an inevitable huge inequality between corporates and SMEs. The paper concludes that there are great business inequalities between corporates and SMEs brought by the 4IR. Thus, the paper recommends the support structures/organizations to assist the SMEs to respond to the growing technology and attempt to close the business inequalities.
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