Poor reading skills of developmental dyslexics persist into adulthood with standard remediation protocols having little effect. Nevertheless, reading improves if readers are induced to read faster. Here we show that this improvement can be enhanced by training. Training follows a multi-session procedure adapted to silent sentence reading, with individually set, increasingly more demanding, time constraints (letter-by-letter masking). In both typical and dyslexic adult readers, reading times are shortened and comprehension improves. After training, the dyslexic readers' performance is similar to that of typical readers; moreover, their connected text reading times and comprehension scores significantly improve in standard reading tests and are retained at 6 months post training. Identical training without time constraints proves ineffective. Our results suggest that fluent reading depends in part on rapid information processing, which then might affect perception, cognitive processing and possibly eye movements. These processes remain malleable in adulthood, even in individuals with developmental dyslexia.

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In Arabic, the language used for everyday conversation ('spoken Arabic' - SA) differs markedly from literary Arabic (LA), which is used for written communication and formal functions. This fact raises questions regarding the cognitive status of the two varieties and their processing in the brain. Previous studies using auditory stimuli suggested that LA is processed by Arabic native speakers as a second language. The current study examined this issue in the visual modality. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses were collected while Arabic-Hebrew bilinguals performed a semantic categorization task on visually presented words in LA, SA and Hebrew. Performance on LA was better than SA and Hebrew, which did not differ from each other. Activation in SA was stronger than in LA in left inferior frontal, precentral, parietal and occipito-temporal regions, and stronger than in Hebrew in left precentral and parietal regions. Activation in SA was also less lateralized than activation for LA and Hebrew, which did not differ from each other in terms of lateralization, though activation for Hebrew was more extensive in both hemispheres than activation for LA. Altogether, these results indicate an advantage for LA in the current study, presumably due to participants' proficiency in reading in this language. Stronger activation for SA appears to be due to the relative unfamiliarity of written word forms in SA, which could also explain differences in performance between the two languages. However, the stronger activation observed in the left parietal cortex may also reflect stronger associations among words in SA.

Herding is ubiquitous throughout all social life forms, providing beneficial outcomes. Here, we examine whether herding emerges spontaneously in human groups and whether it adheres to the core principles of herding observed in the animal kingdom. Using a computerized paradigm involving the movements of circles, we tested the emergence of spontaneous and intentional herding of 136 participants assigned into groups of four participants. Herding was assessed by measuring directional synchrony in the movements of the circles, level of cohesion, and separation between circles. We found that human groups tend to spontaneously herd, particularly in terms of directional synchrony, supporting the notion of a human herding instinct. We further asked whether individuals with high traits of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) exhibit differences in their herding tendencies. Results indicated that individuals with high ASD traits showed greater social separation from the group, compared to individuals with low ASD traits. Moreover, we found diminished spontaneous synchrony, but intact instructed synchrony in the high vs. the low ASD traits group. We contend that humans spontaneously herd with their group and suggest that the spontaneous tendency to synchronize with others is diminished in individuals with high ASD traits, though it is recovered when synchronization is intentional.

Across different cultures, social touch is used to alleviate distress. Here we adopt a dualbrain approach with fMRI to examine whether social touch involves similar activations between the suffering 'target' and the empathizer in brain regions related to emotional sharing such as the observation-execution (mirror) network. To inspect the neural underpinnings of the effects of social touch on pain, we scanned romantic couples during a task that required one partner (the empathizer) to hold the target's hand as the latter experienced painful thermal stimulation. Empathizers and target participants were scanned sequentially, in two counterbalanced phases. Results revealed that hand-holding reduced the pain of the target participant, compared to the severity of pain in a control condition (holding a rubber ball). Importantly, during social touch we found striking shared activations between the target and empathizer in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), a region related to the observation-execution network. The brain-to-brain analysis further revealed a positive correlation of IPL activation levels between the target and the empathizer.Finally, psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis in the target showed that the IPL activity during social touch was positively coupled with activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, a region that has been implicated in emotion regulation, suggesting that the interaction between the observation-execution network and emotion regulation network may contribute to pain reduction during social touch.

Error processing in corrected and uncorrected errors was studied while participants responded to a target surrounded by flankers. Error-related negativity (ERN/NE) was stronger and appeared earlier in corrected errors than in uncorrected errors. ERN neural sources for each error type were analyzed using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography method of source localization. For corrected errors, the ERN source was located at the anterior cingulate (BA 24) and the medial and superior frontal regions (presupplementary motor area, BA 6), whereas it was located at the anterior cingulate (BA 24) for uncorrected errors. It is suggested that the anterior cingulate is the main source of the ERN with the presupplementary motor area contributing to ERN initiation only if the correct response tendency is sufficiently active to allow for full execution of a correction response.

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