Th e high cost of transportation fuels and the environmental risks associated with acquiring and using nonrenewable energy sources have created a demand for developing renewable bioenergy crops. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm-season perennial grass, is a promising feedstock due to its high biomass production under a wide range of growing conditions and its satisfactory forage quality and chemical composition. West Virginia contains vast expanses of reclaimed surface mine lands that could be used to produce switchgrass as a bioenergy feedstock. Th is study determined dry matter yields of three switchgrass varieties (Cave-In-Rock, Shawnee, and Carthage) during the second to fourth years of production. Two research sites were established on reclaimed surface mines in southern West Virginia: Hobet and Hampshire. Th e Hobet site was prepared using crushed, unweathered sandstone as the soil material, and yields were signifi cantly lower at 803 kg ha −1 averaged across varieties and years than annual yields at Hampshire. Th e highest yield at Hobet, with Shawnee in the third year, was 1964 kg ha −1 . Th e Hamphire site, which was reclaimed in the late 1990s using topsoil and treated municipal sludge, averaged 5760 kg ha −1 of switchgrass across varieties and years. Th e highest yield, obtained with Cavein-Rock during the third year, was 9222 kg ha −1 . Switchgrass yields on agricultural lands in this region averaged 12,000 kg ha −1 . Although average switchgrass yields at Hampshire were about 50% lower than agricultural lands, they were greater than a target yield of 5000 kg ha −1 , a threshold for economically feasible production. Yields during the fourth year from a two-harvest per year system were not signifi cantly diff erent from a single, end-of-year harvest at both sites. Reclaimed lands show promise for growing bioenergy crops such as switchgrass on areas where topsoil materials are replaced and amended like that at the Hampshire site.

The high cost and environmental risks associated with non-renewable energy sources has caused an increased development of renewable biofuels. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm-season perennial grass, has been investigated extensively as a source of biofuel feedstock due to its high biomass production on marginal soils. Additionally, the plant's high tolerance to adverse growing conditions and its ability to provide habitat for wildlife makes it a widely used species for conservation cover. West Virginia contains vast expanses of reclaimed surface mine lands and could potentially benefit from the production of switchgrass as a biofuel feedstock. Furthermore, switchgrass production could satisfy Surface Mining Reclamation and Control Act of 1977 (SMCRA) requirements for reclamation bond release to mine operators. This study examined yield of switchgrass stands grown on reclaimed surface mines during the third and fourth years of production. Three varieties were tested on two mine sites to determine which produces the highest yields on reclaimed surface mines in West Virginia. The Hamphire Hill mine site which was reclaimed in the early 1990s using top soil and treated municipal sludge consistently had the highest yields of the two sites (2,566 kg/ha averaged across three years). The other mine site, Hobet 21, was prepared using crushed, unweathered sandstone as the soil material, and yields of switchgrass were 975 kg/ha averaged over three years. Cave-in-Rock variety produced more biomass than the other two varieties, Shawnee and Carthage. A second study to determine optimal nitrogen rates for switchgrass established on newly reclaimed surface mines was launched in June 2011 on two new surface mine sites. Both sites were seeded at a rate of 11.2 kg pure live seed (PLS) ac-1 on replicated treatments of 0, 33.6 and 67.0 kg N ha-1. Results showed that a fertilizer treatment of 33.6 kg ha-1 and 67.0 kg ha-1 at seeding produced a higher yield compared to yields from plots with no fertilizer and the plants looked more vigorous and provided greater ground cover. Plots fertilized with 0, 33.6, and 67.0 kg ha-1 produced average yields of 67, 367 and 777 kg ha-1 , respectively. No significant difference was found between the high and low N applications.