The 2% CHX/IPA single-step skin swabs are more effective in preventing bacterial contamination of apheresis PLT components than a two-step P-I skin disinfection method and may reduce the risk of septic transfusion reactions. Skin irritation and allergic reactions were more likely among donors in trial regions, but reactions were generally mild and self-limiting.
Choropleth maps are among the most common visualization techniques used to present geographical data. These maps require an equal-area projection but there are no clear criteria for selecting one. We collaborated with 20 social scientists researching on the Global South, interested in using choropleth maps, to investigate their design choices according to their research tasks. We asked them to design world choropleth maps through a survey, and analyzed their answers both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results suggest that the design choices of map projection, center, scale, and color scheme, were influenced by their personal research goals and the tasks. The projection was considered the most important choice and the Equal Earth projection was the most common projection used. Our study takes the first substantial step on investigating projection choices for world choropleth maps in applied visualization research.
Mobile devices are increasingly being used in the workplace. The combination of touch, pen, and speech interaction with mobile devices is considered particularly promising for a more natural experience. However, we do not yet know how everyday work with multimodal data visualizations on a mobile device differs from working in the standard WIMP workplace setup. To address this gap, we created a visualization system for social scientists, with a WIMP interface for desktop PCs, and a multimodal interface for tablets. The system provides visualizations to explore spatio‐temporal data with consistent WIMP and multimodal interaction techniques. To investigate how the different combinations of devices and interaction modalities affect the performance and experience of domain experts in a work setting, we conducted an experiment with 16 social scientists where they carried out a series of tasks with both interfaces. Participants were significantly faster and slightly more accurate on the WIMP interface. They solved the tasks with different strategies according to the interaction modalities available. The pen was the most used and appreciated input modality. Most participants preferred the multimodal setup and could imagine using it at work. We present our findings, together with their implications for the interaction design of data visualizations.
Driving the third wave of globalisation, foreign direct investments (FDI) gained momentum since the mid-1980s. Given that FDIs are unevenly distributed across the globe, this chapter reviews the globalist perspective that an internationalisation of the economy threatens the welfare state. We confront it with descriptive statistics, looking at FDIs and public social expenditure in 70 countries from 1995 to 2015. Our tentative results suggest that different modes of market integration—whether a country is a net recipient or sender of FDIs—trigger two processes: rich countries with a surplus of outward stocks rather compensate their citizens whereas FDI inward stocks help less developed countries to grow and fund social policies.
Since the early 1990s, globalisation has become a core subject of social science research. By analysing long-term data on trade, economic growth and foreign direct investments (FDI), we identify three different waves of economic globalisation separated by episodes of deep economic crises like the Great Depression. We discuss the causes and specific manifestations of economic globalisation and economic crises in each phase and briefly outline their impact on the dynamics of social policy. This introduction to Part III “Globalization, Economic Interdependencies and Economic Crises” thus represents the background for the following eight chapters examining key aspects of the effects of global economic developments on the introduction and design of social policies.
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