This is one paper of a series investigating the effects of extended training and multiple succesSve reward shifts. Four groups were run in a straight alley. The control groups received either 75% or 25% reinforcement throughout training. Each experimental group was given 40 acquisition trials at either 75% or 25% reinforcement followed by three shifts of 24 trials each. All groups were given 24 extinction trials. There were initial significant differences betMen the 75% and 25% groups. These differences disappeared after about 40 trials. The only significant shift effect was a NCE on the third shift. Ext;inction results were a function of the initial acquisition series. Together with earlier studies, these results indicate that extended training effects are often different from early stages of training.
The agonistic behaviors of male Betta splendens (Regan) were studied during both mutually viewing and mutually caged encounters in an investigation of differences between these types of encounters. With the pairings of animals held constant, the experience of prior mutual viewing which produced significant habituation did not significantly alter aggression in subsequent mutually caged encounters. Furthermore, animals which exhibited submissiveness (zero display rates) during mutually caged encounters significantly increased the intensity of aggression during subsequent mutual viewing, while the dominant caged mates decreased the rate of displays. These results were interpreted to mean that mutual viewing produces habituation while mutual caging produces conditioned suppression, and that generalizations from one situation to the other may therefore be unwarranted.On the basis of Simpson's (1968) findings, Peeke and Peeke (1970) have criticized the use of mirror images as releasing stimuli in the study of Betta splendens (Siamese fighting fish). They suggest that the sequential and spatial relationships which characterize Betta aggressive behavior outside of the laboratory would be for the most part precluded by the use of mirror images. This argument may be extended to include not only the obvious case of models as agonistic stimuli, but also to the mutual viewing (MV) technique in which animals are separated by a transparent screen. At first, the MV technique would appear to be a more realistic analog of the natural situation, since it permits the establishment of some sequential relationships among agonistic behaviors, but separation by a glass screen would prevent the occurrence of primary aversive stimulation (pain) which results from strikes and tail beatings among mutually caged B. splendens. Furthermore, the absence of such attacks would preclude the establishment of sequential relationships between attack and other agonistic behaviors. For these reasons, the validity of generalizations from MV to mutual caging (MC) conditions would appear to be questionable.In addition to the questionable validity of generalization from MV to Me conditions, there is some question about the use of mutual viewing as a technique. Typically, the MV procedure involves the use of two animals, a test fish and a stimulus fish, separated by a transparent screen. The display rate of the test fish is generally ignored. The finding of sequential relationships (Simpson, 1968) between the display of mutually responding B. splendens and the indication of positive correlations between the rates of these displays (Gallagher, Herz, & Peeke, 1972, p. 364) strongly suggests that the display rates of the test and stimulus fishes are interdependent.Thus, any interpretation which may have been based upon observations of a test fish would have been drawn without consideration of how these observations might have been modulated by the stimulus fish. The point is that aggression in an unrestricted encounter apparently involves the physical inter...
Absorption kinetics and biologic effects of subcutaneously injected insulin preparations. Diabetes Care 1982;5:77-91. 4 Kemmer FW, Berchtold P, Berger M, et al. Exercise-induced fall of blood glucose unrelated to alteration of insulin mobilisation. Diabetes 1980;28:1 131-7. Cuppers HJ, Berchtold P, Berger M. Sauna-induced acceleration in insulin absorption ? Br MedJ7 1982;281 :307.
Several lines of work involving reinforcement manipulations have produced early performance differences between differentially reinforced subjects. Late in training, these differences have disappeared. In the present study, similar effects were found using 10-and 3D-sec delays of reinforcement. Delay shifts produced an NCE but no PCE. It is proposed that the late acquisition effects have not been considered in most learning models.
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