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The CO 2 SINK pilot project at Ketzin is aimed at a better understanding of geological CO 2 storage operation in a saline aquifer. The reservoir consists of fluvial deposits with average permeability ranging between 50 and 100 mDarcy. The main focus of CO 2 SINK is developing and testing of monitoring and verification technologies. All wells, one for injection and two for observation, are equipped with smart casings (sensors behind casing, facing the rocks) containing a Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and electrodes for Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). The in-hole Gas Membrane Sensors (GMS) observed the arrival of tracers and CO 2 with high temporal resolution. Geophysical monitoring includes Moving Source Profiling (MSP), Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP), crosshole, star and 4-D seismic experiments. Numerical models are benchmarked via the monitoring results indicating a sufficient match between observation and prediction, at least for the arrival of CO 2 at the first observation well. Downhole samples of brine showed changes in the fluid composition and biocenosis. First monitoring results indicate anisotropic flow of CO 2 coinciding with the -on-time‖ arrival of CO 2 at observation well one (Ktzi 200) and the later arrival at observation well two (Ktzi 202). A risk assessment was performed prior to the start of injection. After one year of operations about 18,000 t of CO 2 were injected safely.

The Ketzin pilot site, led by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, is Europe's longestoperating on-shore CO 2 storage site with the aim of increasing the understanding of geological storage of CO 2 in saline aquifers. Located near Berlin, the Ketzin pilot site is an in situ laboratory for CO 2 storage in an anticlinal structure in the Northeast German Basin.

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