Oxygen-isotope records from Greenland ice cores 1,2 indicate numerous rapid climate¯uctuations during the last glacial period. North Atlantic marine sediment cores show comparable variability in sea surface temperature and the deposition of icerafted debris 3±5 . In contrast, very few continental records of this time period provide the temporal resolution and environmental sensitivity necessary to reveal the extent and effects of these environmental¯uctuations on the continents. Here we present high-resolution geochemical, physical and pollen data from lake sediments in Italy and from a Mediterranean sediment core, linked by a common tephrochronology. Our lacustrine sequence extends to the past 102,000 years. Many of its features correlate well with the Greenland ice-core records, demonstrating that the closely coupled ocean±atmosphere system of the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial 4 extended its in¯uence at least as far as the central Mediterranean region. Numerous vegetation changes were rapid, frequently occurring in less than 200 years, showing that the terrestrial biosphere participated fully in lastglacial climate variability. Earlier than 65,000 years ago, our record shows more climate¯uctuations than are apparent in the Greenland ice cores. Together, the multi-proxy data from the continental and marine records reveal differences in the seasonal character of climate during successive interstadials, and provide a step towards determining the underlying mechanisms of the centennial±millennial-scale variability.A series of four sediment cores (B, D, J and L) obtained from Lago Grande di Monticchio (408 569 N, 158 359 E, 656 m above sea level), a maar lake in Basilicata, southern Italy, extends to a depth of 72.5 m. Sedimentation rates, estimated from annually laminated sections of a composite of these cores, provide a chronology 6,7 that gives a date of 101.7 kyr ago for the base of the record (Fig. 1). This calendaryear chronology, based solely upon Monticchio sedimentation rates, is independent of palynostratigraphic (that is, pollen-based), marine d 18 O event or ice-core interstadial correlations. It is complemented by a tephrochronology and a series of radioisotopic ages.