We develop a statistical-mechanical formulation for image restoration and error-correcting codes. These problems are shown to be equivalent to the Ising spin glass with ferromagnetic bias under random external fields. We prove that the quality of restoration/decoding is maximized at a specific set of parameter values determined by the source and channel properties. For image restoration in a mean-field system a line of optimal performance is shown to exist in the parameter space. These results are illustrated by solving exactly the infinite-range model. The solutions enable us to determine how precisely one should estimate unknown parameters. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to see how far the conclusions from the infinite-range model are applicable to the more realistic two-dimensional case in image restoration. ͓S1063-651X͑99͒02807-X͔
Many of these countries have a nationwide surveillance or a nationally coordinated system to manage patients with out-of-hospital emergencies. In these contexts, it is possible that quality improvement initiatives could be designed and translated more effectively, leading to improved survival for OHCA patients. It remains unclear whether findings from these studies are applicable in North America, where emergency medical services are organized by smaller jurisdictions and patients are managed by hundreds of destination hospitals. 2 In Ontario, for example, the population of 13.8 million is served by 53 individual land-based emergency medical service providers, with ≈280 destination hospitals providing postarrest care. 8 Population-level surveillance studies are critical to inform policy and evaluate current systems of care.Background-Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is associated with a poor prognosis and poses a significant burden to the healthcare system, but few studies have evaluated whether OHCA incidence and survival have changed over time. Methods and Results-A population-based cohort study was conducted, including 34 291 OHCA patients >20 years of age who were transported alive to the emergency department of an acute-care hospital from April 1, 2002, to March 31, 2012 Patients with life-threatening trauma and those who died before hospital arrival were excluded. The overall age-and sex-standardized incidence of OHCA patients who were transported alive was 36 cases per 100 000 persons and did not significantly change over the study period. Cardiac risk factor prevalence increased significantly, whereas the rate of most cardiovascular conditions decreased significantly. The 30-day survival improved from 9.4% in 2002 to 13.6% in 2011; 1-year survival improved from 7.7% to 11.8% (P<0.001). Patients hospitalized in 2011 were significantly more likely to survive 30 days (adjusted odds ratio, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.22-1.77]) and 1 year (adjusted odds ratio, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.27-1.91]) compared with 2002. A significant interaction between temporal trends in survival improvement and age group was observed in which the improvement in survival was largest in the youngest age groups. Conclusions-OHCA patients who were transported alive are increasingly likely to have cardiovascular risk factors but less likely to have previous cardiovascular conditions. The overall incidence of OHCA patients transported to hospital alive did not change over the past decade. Short-and longer-term survival after OHCA has substantially improved, with younger patients experiencing the greatest improvement. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to evaluate recent trends in the patient characteristics, incidence, and the survival of patients after OHCA. Methods Data SourcesOur analytic data sets were created by linking together multiple large administrative databases in Ontario using unique encrypted patient identification numbers to protect patient confidentiality. The Canadian Institute of Health Information Discharge Abstract...
5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-pyrrolidmone (3), prepared from L-pyroglutamic acid, was condensed with benzaldehyde to obtain the 0,iV-acetal 4 in excellent yield. Alkylation of 4 with 3-bromocyclohexene followed by reduction gave ímras-4-cyclohexyl-L-prolmol (7) in good chemical yield with excellent stereoselectivity. Sequential N-protection, oxidation of the alcohol to the acid, and N-deprotection furnished trons-4-cyclohexyl-L-proline (1) in excellent yield and quality. Compound 1 serves as an intermediate for the preparation of ACE inhibitors including Fosenopril.
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