Excavations at Yenikapı in Istanbul, Turkey, related to the Marmaray Project, have unearthed remains of Constantinople's Theodosian Harbour, including 37 Byzantine shipwrecks of 5th‐ to 11th‐century date. Eight of these shipwrecks, six round ships and two of the first long ships, or galleys, to be excavated from the Byzantine period, were studied by archaeologists from the Institute of Nautical Archaeology. These well‐preserved shipwrecks are an important new source of information on the maritime commerce of Constantinople and the gradual shift from shell‐based to skeleton‐based shipbuilding in the Mediterranean during the second half of the first millennium AD.
Many smallholder farmers in Lao People's Democratic Republic are transitioning from subsistence to commercial production. This paper employs the Agriculture Innovation System (AIS) framework to report on empirical findings from six case studies of Lao smallholder production. It identifies the actors, organisations, and institutions involved in systemic commercialisation of subsistence farming and articulate patterns of interactions that contribute to the relative success of the transition. Of the factors identified in our case studies, the most important enablers of commercial production and adoption of innovative technologies were technical and financial assistance, access to markets and the formation of farmer associations/organisations.
ABSTRACT.In a previous article of the same title we gave a series of upper and lower bounds for the multiplicator of a finite group. §2 of this article gives an improvement of one of these results. In §3, we give a result that connects the multiplicator of a finite group with that of a normal subgroup whose factor-group is cyclic.
Yenikapı 14 (YK 14) is one of 37 shipwrecks discovered by the Istanbul Archaeological Museums during the Marmaray Project excavations in Istanbul's Yenikapı neighbourhood, the site of Constantinople's Theodosian Harbour. Dated to the 9th century AD, YK 14 is one of a group of Yenikapı round ships constructed using similar methods: it was a flat‐floored, shallow‐draught vessel built primarily of oak using a distinctive combination of shell‐ and skeleton‐based construction methods. Regularly spaced pegs called coaks were used to assemble the hull planking edge‐to‐edge from the keel to the first wale, above which planks were fastened exclusively to frames.
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