Forty-eight strains of Thermus isolated from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA, and eight reference strains were subjected to a numerical taxonomic analysis using Gower's coefficient (SG) with single and average linkage clustering. Two major groups were distinguished, which could be differentiated by colony morphology, ability to reduce nitrate and proteolytic activity. Cluster 1 contained Thermus aquaticus YT-1, the type strain of the species, and cluster 2 contained authentic strains of 'T.flavus' and 'T. therrnophilus'. T. ruber was recovered as a single member cluster. The mol % G + C of DNA from representative strains from each cluster was 64.4 to 66.8 for cluster 1, 62.2 to 67.1 for cluster 2 and 62.5 for T. ruber.
Sixty patients were divided into two groups (A and B) of 30 patients each to investigate the effect of using suxamethonium in endotracheal anaesthesia on the incidence of postoperative sore throat. The patients were anaesthetized with thiopentone, fentanyl, droperidol, N2O and pancuronium. Before endotracheal intubation with a Mallinckrodt lo-pro-tube, patients in Group A were given pancuronium, whereas patients in Group B were given suxamethonium. There was no difference in the incidence or severity of sore throat 20-30 h postoperatively between the two groups (P = 0.5). The type 2 error (beta) was low (the risk of overlooking a "true" difference in incidence of 0.20 was calculated to be 0.04). These results contradict those of a recent study, which demonstrated an increased incidence of postoperative sore throat following the use of suxamethonium in mask anaesthesia.
As part of an environmental monitoring and assessment effort, we developed a conceptual model for measuring and assessing the condition and sustainability of agroecosystems. An agroecosystem is a field, pasture, or orchard and the associated border areas. We focused on ecological sustainability and defined the goals for agroecosystems in terms of the values people place on them. The purpose of an agroecosystem is to produce food and fiber. Other desired outcomes can be considered as goals for the larger landscape and the rest of the world, and they sometimes function as constraints on production. Condition is defined by agroecosystem productivity and the degree to which farmers use management and stewardship practices that conserve and protect valued natural resources in the landscape and the rest of the world. An agroecosystem in good condition is productive and is managed to conserve valued resources. Sustainability is the maintenance of good condition over time. We developed indicators that link system condition and sustainability to societal values and goals. These indicators measure productivity, management practices that promote sustainability at the agroecosystem scale, and management practices that promote sustainability at landscape and global scales. Our initial efforts focused on annually harvested herbaceous crops; however, the concepts we used can be adapted to other plant and livestock systems. Our conceptual approach may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of several major programs now being implemented, including the USDA's Environmental Quality Incentive and Conservation Reserve Programs.
Indicators of the condition and sustainability of agricultural lands covering 5.5 million ha in six mid‐Atlantic states were measured in 1994 and 1995. The primary objective was to collect baseline information against which future data from the region can be compared. Soil samples and questionnaire data were collected from a random sample of 293 sites. Indicators addressed productivity, management at the agroecosystem scale, and management for the landscape scale on annual crop land. Crop yields were almost 30% higher than those of the 1980s, with a mean observed to expected yield index of 1.27. The mean soil quality index showed moderate quality for supporting plant growth. Non‐tilled sites, which were mostly hay, had greater microbial biomass than tilled sites. Just over half of the annual crop land was covered by rotation plans; hay fields accounted for most of the land where one crop was grown continuously. Hay showed a lower use of applied nitrogen than seed crops. Integrated pest management was practiced on less than 20% of annual crop land. Twenty‐seven different annual crops were grown in the region, with hay (all types) the dominant crop. Less than 20% of the land where pesticides were applied had high to moderately high potential for pesticides leaching into ground water. This information provides a baseline for long‐term monitoring of agricultural lands in the region.
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