1 Using grease-gap recordings from the isolated superior cervical ganglion of mouse, rat and guinea-pig, we have compared the depolarization evoked by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with that evoked by the selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist 2-methyl-5-HT (2-Me-5-HT). 2 The maximum depolarization induced by 2-Me-5-HT was smaller than that induced by 5-HT in all three species, and particularly in the guinea-pig. 3 The 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (1 UM) caused a clear rightward shift of the dose-response curve to 5-HT on the guinea-pig ganglion, but not on the mouse or rat ganglion. Spiperone (0.03pM) had a quantitatively similar action to ketanserin (O.1pM) on the 5-HT dose-response curve of the guinea-pig ganglion. Ketanserin had no significant effect on the dose-response curve to 2-Me-5-HT on any of these ganglia. 4 Using 2-Me-5-HT as the agonist, we determined the pA2 values for two 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. The potency of ICS 205-930 varied by approximately 100 fold between the species and that of (+)-tubocurarine varied by over 1000 fold. The differences in the pA2 values of these compounds varied independently among the species. 5 We conclude that 5-HT3 receptors are present on the superior cervical ganglion from the rat, mouse and guinea-pig, but these receptors may be pharmacologically distinct from each other. In addition, the depolarization of the guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion by low concentrations of 5-HT is largely mediated by ketanserin-sensitive receptors.
Implementation of a simple stewardship initiative with limited resources at a community nonfreestanding children's hospital effectively reduced antibiotic use without an overt negative impact on overall clinical outcomes. The results of this study suggest that nonfreestanding children's hospitals can achieve substantial reductions in antibiotic use despite limited resources.
This article provides a substantive critique of the classical model of organization used by most prisons. The classical model is viewed as inconsistent with both the inherent discretionary power of correctional officers and the operational realities of prison work. Furthermore, the author argues that the classical model fails to guide correctional officers in the exercise of their discretionary power. A conceptual basis for understanding individual discretionary power is developed using Muir's typology (1977) of police work styles (i.e., professionals, enforcers, reciprocators, and avoiders). Behavioral descriptors of these work styles are compared for police and correctional officers. A plausible theoretical basis for generalizing from Muir's typology of police work styles to correctional officers is provided. The philosophical and theoretical foundations for the exercise of bounded discretionary power by governmental officials is presented with a general model of discretionary behavior. Several inferences are drawn for the future of prison administration.
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