Local police agencies throughout the State of Texas have moved increasingly toward more community-oriented approaches to policing. This philosophy embraces the ideas that (a) the police should reach out to communities they typically have excluded and (b) the police should include members of those communities among their ranks. Lesbians and gay men are an appropriate target of such outreach efforts. Although federal law enforcement agencies have banned discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in hiring law enforcement personnel, state and local agencies have been slow to follow suit. In the city of Houston, for example, the issue has been hotly contested in all branches of local government. This article reports the results of a survey of 95% of all police chiefs in the State of Texas. The survey was designed to assess police chiefs' attitudes toward hiring lesbian and gay police officers.
National professional organizations have recognized pharmacists as essential members of the intensive care unit (ICU) team. Critical care pharmacists' clinical activities have been categorized as fundamental, desirable, and optimal, providing a structure for gauging ICU pharmacy services being provided. To determine the impact the addition of a second ICU pharmacist covering 30 adult ICU beds at a large regional medical center has on the complexity of pharmacists' interventions, the types of clinical activities performed by the pharmacists, and the ICU team members' satisfaction. A prospective mixed-method descriptive study was conducted. Pharmacists recorded their interventions and clinical activities performed. A focus group composed of randomly selected ICU team members was held to qualitatively describe the impact of the additional pharmacist coverage on patient care, team dynamics, and pharmacy services provided. The baseline period consisted of 33 days, and the intervention period consisted of 20 days. The average complexity of interventions was 1.72 during the baseline period (mode = 2) versus 1.69 (mode = 2) during the intervention period. The number of desirable and optimal clinical activities performed daily increased during the intervention from 8.4 (n = 279) to 16.4 (n = 328) and 2.3 (n = 75) to 8.6 (n = 171) compared with the baseline, respectively. Focus group members qualitatively described additional pharmacist coverage as beneficial. The additional critical care pharmacist did not increase pharmacy intervention complexity; however, more interventions were performed per day. Additional pharmacist coverage increased the daily number of desirable and optimal clinical activities performed and positively impacted ICU team members' satisfaction.
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This study describes the current situation for female wardens by examining their attitudes toward inmate services, programs, and amenities survival; involvement with correctional staff; and identity as a supervisor through their political affiliations and punishment philosophies. Using Noddings’s “caring ethic,” this study sought to determine whether the historical inclusion of women in corrections has carried over to present time and has retained its reformist nature and whether the job of warden has become more gender-neutral. The results indicate that the differences between male and female wardens are few; those that did exist provided some support for the caring ethic and the retention of women’s roles in corrections as reformers.
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