This chapter begins by outlining the conceptual motivation behind multilevel analyses and by identifying a core set of research questions that this approach addresses. It then introduces the idea of multilevel structures and discusses simple and complex multilevel models. It emphasizes that the key strength of multilevel models lies in modeling heterogeneity at different levels and shows how multilevel models can be extended to additional contextual levels (e.g., neighborhoods nested within regions). The estimation procedures underlying such models are discussed, showing how a multilevel framework can provide a general, unified approach to data analysis and how this can be achieved by extensions to the basic hierarchical structure of individuals nested within contexts. The chapter concludes with a discussion of issues that researchers should be aware of when applying multilevel methods.

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The majority of participants considered home mechanical ventilation to be a positive benefit for independent living, enhancing their overall health. They were clear as to the issues of importance to them, and formulated recommendations for health care providers and policy makers that could improve the quality of their daily lives. Many of the issues identified in the present report are faced by the growing community of ventilator users.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe what women with longstanding spinal cord injury (SCI) feel they are experiencing as they age, how they are coping and what they require in order to ensure their continued social and economic participation in society. Study design, methods and setting: A naturalistic approach was taken, incorporating three focus groups (n=10) and key informant interviews (n=19) of women with SCI ranging in age from 31 to 70 years and living in rural and urban communities in Ontario, Canada. Results: The women feel isolated and sense many of their key concerns are ignored or dismissed by health care and service providers. The common physical changes and concerns were gynecological/sexual and bowel and bladder issues. Socio-emotional changes with age included impact of their age-related changes on important relationships and re-evaluation of personal priorities. They articulated worries including declining health, increasing dependency and ®nancial stresses. Additional resources they need to age successfully include improved environmental accessibility, assistive devices, more¯exible and responsive attendant and household support, access to recreation and ®tness opportunities and peer and psychological support. Conclusions: Many of the issues raised by the women were consistent with the authors' previous examination of aging in men with SCI and women with disabilities. The most striking dierence was their profound sense of isolation and perceptions that health care and service providers were unprepared or unwilling to address the unique issues they face as women living and now aging with SCI. Sponsorship: This research was funded by the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation.

Some of the recent developments in data science for worldwide disease control have involved research of large-scale feasibility and usefulness of digital contact tracing, user location tracking, and proximity detection on users’ mobile devices or wearables. A centralized solution relying on collecting and storing user traces and location information on a central server can provide more accurate and timely actions than a decentralized solution in combating viral outbreaks, such as COVID-19. However, centralized solutions are more prone to privacy breaches and privacy attacks by malevolent third parties than decentralized solutions, storing the information in a distributed manner among wireless networks. Thus, it is of timely relevance to identify and summarize the existing privacy-preserving solutions, focusing on decentralized methods, and analyzing them in the context of mobile device-based localization and tracking, contact tracing, and proximity detection. Wearables and other mobile Internet of Things devices are of particular interest in our study, as not only privacy, but also energy-efficiency, targets are becoming more and more critical to the end-users. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of user location-tracking, proximity-detection, and digital contact-tracing solutions in the literature from the past two decades, analyses their advantages and drawbacks concerning centralized and decentralized solutions, and presents the authors’ thoughts on future research directions in this timely research field.

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