EMS providers significantly underestimate their patients' pain severity. EMS providers should be more attentive to their patients' complaints and comfort.

This study examined the long-term impact of specific course components on participants who attended a 21-day Outward Bound Singapore course between 1997 and 2005. In total, 1029 questionnaires were sent out by mail. Participants were given a choice to complete the questionnaire on paper or online. A total of 318 questionnaires were successfully completed (209 by mail and 109 by the Internet) which resulted in an overall response rate of 34.29%. A series of hierarchical regressions was utilized to explore how course components contributed to participant perceptions of course long-term impact. The results assert there is long-term impact on past participants' lives, even if they participated in the course as far back as 1997. Specific course components that contributed to long-term impact were personal reflection time, group debriefing time, and outdoor activities. The course instructor was not a significant contributor to long-term impact.

This study was designed to investigate those variables that would provide a fuller description as well as a segmentation of the views of Chinese senior leisure travelers from the People's Republic of China. The empirical data of this study suggest that Chinese seniors comprise a collection of submarkets based on travel frequency, each with its own characteristics with respect to demographic variables, reasons or motivations for leisure travel, attitudes toward leisure travel, perceived barriers preventing them from taking leisure trips, activities they do during a leisure trip, criteria used to select a travel destination, and the use of the Internet in their travel behavior. The findings of this study provide a foundation for a variety of marketing strategies aimed at the market for Chinese senior leisure travel as well as for crosscultural comparisons. This study thus makes significant contributions to senior tourism by extending our understanding of senior travel behavior in an important, emerging market; it is also hoped that the study will provoke more discussion on senior leisure travel in developing countries as well as cross-cultural comparisons between developing and developed regions.

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