GRADE (Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study) is a 36-center unmasked, parallel treatment group, randomized controlled trial evaluating four diabetes medications added to metformin in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We report baseline characteristics and compare GRADE participants to a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were age ‡30 years at the time of diagnosis, with duration of T2DM <10 years, HbA 1c 6.8-8.5% (51-69 mmol/mol), prescribed metformin monotherapy, and randomized to glimepiride, sitagliptin, liraglutide, or insulin glargine. RESULTS At baseline, GRADE's 5,047 randomized participants were 57.2 6 10.0 years of age, 63.6% male, with racial/ethnic breakdown of 65.7% white, 19.8% African American, 3.6% Asian, 2.7% Native American, 7.6% other or unknown, and 18.4% Hispanic/ Latino. Duration of diabetes was 4.2 6 2.8 years, with mean HbA 1c of 7.5 6 0.5% (58 6 5.3 mmol/mol), BMI of 34.3 6 6.8 kg/m 2 , and metformin dose of 1,944 6 204 mg/day. Among the cohort, 67% reported a history of hypertension, 72% a history of hyperlipidemia, and 6.5% a history of heart attack or stroke. Applying GRADE inclusion criteria to NHANES indicates enrollment of a representative cohort with T2DM on metformin monotherapy (NHANES cohort average age, 57.9 years; mean HbA 1c , 7.4% [57 mmol/mol]; BMI, 33.2 kg/m 2 ; duration, 4.2 6 2.5 years; and 7.2% with a history of cardiovascular disease). CONCLUSIONS The GRADE cohort represents patients with T2DM treated with metformin requiring a second diabetes medication. GRADE will inform decisions about the clinical effectiveness of the addition of four classes of diabetes medications to metformin. The optimal medication management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is not established. In addition to lifestyle intervention, metformin is the recommended initial medication in T2DM due to its glycemic effectiveness, lack of associated hypoglycemia or weight gain, low cost, and evidence of long-term benefit and safety

Cybercrime is estimated to have cost the global economy just under USD 1 trillion in 2020, indicating an increase of more than 50% since 2018. With the average cyber insurance claim rising from USD 145,000 in 2019 to USD 359,000 in 2020, there is a growing necessity for better cyber information sources, standardised databases, mandatory reporting and public awareness. This research analyses the extant academic and industry literature on cybersecurity and cyber risk management with a particular focus on data availability. From a preliminary search resulting in 5219 cyber peer-reviewed studies, the application of the systematic methodology resulted in 79 unique datasets. We posit that the lack of available data on cyber risk poses a serious problem for stakeholders seeking to tackle this issue. In particular, we identify a lacuna in open databases that undermine collective endeavours to better manage this set of risks. The resulting data evaluation and categorisation will support cybersecurity researchers and the insurance industry in their efforts to comprehend, metricise and manage cyber risks.

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