Purpose We studied the ethnicity-specific expression of prostate cancer (PC) –associated biomarkers to evaluate whether genetic/biologic factors affect ethnic disparities in PC pathogenesis and disease progression. Patients and Methods A total of 154 African American (AA) and 243 European American (EA) patients from four medical centers were matched according to the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment postsurgical score within each institution. The distribution of mRNA expression levels of 20 validated biomarkers reported to be associated with PC initiation and progression was compared with ethnicity using false discovery rate, adjusted Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, and logistic regression models. A conditional logistic regression model was used to evaluate the interaction between ethnicity and biomarkers for predicting clinicopathologic outcomes. Results Of the 20 biomarkers examined, six showed statistically significant differential expression in AA compared with EA men in one or more statistical models. These include ERG (P < .001), AMACR (P < .001), SPINK1 (P = .001), NKX3-1 (P = .03), GOLM1 (P = .03), and androgen receptor (P = .04). Dysregulation of AMACR (P = .036), ERG (P = .036), FOXP1 (P = .041), and GSTP1 (P = .049) as well as loss-of-function mutations for tumor suppressors NKX3-1 (P = .025) and RB1 (P = .037) predicted risk of pathologic T3 disease in an ethnicity-dependent manner. Dysregulation of GOLM1 (P = .037), SRD5A2 (P = .023), and MKi67 (P = .023) predicted clinical outcomes, including 3-year biochemical recurrence and metastasis at 5 years. A greater proportion of AA men than EA men had triple-negative (ERG-negative/ETS-negative/SPINK1-negative) disease (51% v 35%; P = .002). Conclusion We have identified a subset of PC biomarkers that predict the risk of clinicopathologic outcomes in an ethnicity-dependent manner. These biomarkers may explain in part the biologic contribution to ethnic disparity in PC outcomes between EA and AA men.
BackgroundOcular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a rare cancer that has increased in incidence with the HIV pandemic in Africa. The underlying cause of this cancer in HIV-infected patients from Botswana is not well defined.ResultsTissues were obtained from 28 OSSN and 8 pterygia patients. The tissues analyzed from OSSN patients were 83% positive for EBV, 75% were HPV positive, 70% were KSHV positive, 75% were HSV-1/2 positive, and 61% were CMV positive by PCR. Tissues from pterygium patients were 88% positive for EBV, 75% were HPV positive, 50% were KSHV positive, and 60% were CMV positive. None of the patients were JC or BK positive. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry analyses further identified HPV, EBV, and KSHV in a subset of the tissue samples.ConclusionWe identified the known oncogenic viruses HPV, KSHV, and EBV in OSSN and pterygia tissues. The presence of these tumor viruses in OSSN suggests that they may contribute to the development of this malignancy in the HIV population. Further studies are necessary to characterize the molecular mechanisms associated with viral antigens and their potential role in the development of OSSN.
SUMMARYThe value of nitroglycerin in determining the potential reversibility of asynergy was examined in 35 patients with coronary heart disease. Ventriculograms performed at rest and after sublingual nitroglycerin were analyzed for (1) location of asynergy relative to distribution of the 3 major coronary arteries and (2) Received NMarch 11, 1974; accepted for publication March 25, 1974. 108 determine both the risk and potential benefits of bypass surgery. 12 The present study was undertaken to determine whether sublingual nitroglycerin, by pharmacologically improving the balance between oxygen supply and demand, unmasks residual contractile ability of asynergic zones. In addition the effects of nitroglycerin were compared with the results of coronary bypass surgery on wall motion in the same left ventricular zones. MethodsStudies were performed in 35 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for evaluation of coronary heart disease.Criteria for admission to the study were: (1) asynergy on ventriculography (defined as a localized abnormality of left ventricular contraction), (2) significant (greater than 75%) obstruction of one or more of the three major coronary arteries, (left anterior descending, right and circumflex arteries), and (3) absence by catheterization of other etiologic heart disease. All patients were postabsorptive and premedicated intramuscularly with 50 mg nembutal, 50 mg demerol, and 0.4 mg atropine.Right heart catheterization was performed via an antecubital vein cutdown and left heart catheterization either via a right brachial arteriotomy or percutaneously utilizing a femoral artery. Following recording of left ven-
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