The pathways of tumor spread through the lung are described and their significance for radiographic interpretation is illustrated. A key to understanding the spread of bronchogenic carcinoma is the realization that although the normal flow of lymph in the pulmonary lymphatics is centripetal, lymphatic obstruction can cause reversal of flow. As a result, tumor cells are commonly carried centrifugally to the periphery in lymphatics or the connective tissue around them, and remote pleural involvement, secondary parenchymal masses, or satellite nodules may develop. Failure to appreciate peripheral spread of tumor has negative consequences for tumor staging, surgery, and radiotherapy. In the absence of hilar node involvement causing obstruction, long line shadows more than 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) in length proximal to a peripheral mass very infrequently represent tumor.
Before undergoing arthroscopy, 222 patients with acute, unilateral knee injuries and strong clinical evidence of a meniscal tear underwent axial computed tomography (CT) of the knee. In 53 patients, a bucket-handle meniscal tear was found, and it was repaired at arthroscopy. In 92.5% (49 of 53) of these knees, CT accurately depicted the type, location, and extent of the tear. CT also demonstrated the displaced meniscal fragment with its relationship to the attached remnant.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.