A rapid method to identify sex in birds is described. The method requires microliter volumes of blood, and, under appropriate conditions, results can be available within an hour of sample collection. Samples can be stored at 4 C or–20 C with out sacrificing the ability to discriminate sex differences in DNA content. The assay will find utility in laboratory, field, and applied studies, in other classes of vertebrates, and in studies on the dynamics of genome size within and among populations.
We describe genome size (nuclear DNA content), and cellular and nuclear dimensions of erythrocytes in a triploid Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna) and its diploid parents. The genome size of the triploid (4.23 pg) was 1.5 times greater than the genome size of the mother (2.80 pg) and the father (2.89 pg). The sex chromosome composition was ZZW, and was predicted correctly based on the genome size of the parents. Erythrocytes of the triploid were significantly larger than the erythrocytes of the parents. Because polyploidy has been reported only in one other family of birds (Phasianidae), the parrots and their relatives might prove to be useful in the study of avian triploidy.
Renal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in three Cape coral snakes (Aspidelaps lubricus lubricus) by histopathologic examination. A hereditary basis was suspected, because all affected snakes were genetically related. Presentations included caudal coelomic swelling as well as anorexia, regurgitation, and constipation. Moderate amounts of urate tophi throughout the kidneys were noted in all three animals. Nephrectomy appeared to prolong life if the disease was caught early and the remaining kidney was functional.
Previously, femoral fractures in polar bears were considered irreparable. Use of 2 plates applied with a locking plate technique can result in successful fracture repair despite large body weight and inability to restrict postoperative activity.
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