Despite differences in location and multifocality, pathological and biochemical features of cancer detected on biopsies 1 and 2 were similar, suggesting comparable biological behaviors. Cancer detected on biopsies 3 and 4 had a lower grade, stage and volume compared with that on biopsies 1 and 2. Morbidity on biopsies 1 and 2 was similar, whereas biopsies 3 and 4 had a slightly higher complication rate. Therefore, biopsy 2 in all cases of a negative finding on biopsy 1 appears justified. However, biopsies 3 and 4 should only be obtained in select patients with a high suspicion of cancer and/or poor prognostic factors on biopsy 1 or 2.

The Vienna nomogram offers an easy tool to select the optimal number of prostate biopsy cores based on patient age and total prostate volume in PSA range 2 to 10 ng/ml. Cancer detection is significantly improved (66.4%) compared to the control group. The bias factor of larger prostate volume is eliminated by using the Vienna nomogram. Moreover, the Vienna nomogram is advantageous not only in terms of the improved PCa detection rate but also economically makes systematic repeat biopsies unnecessary.

Elderly patients who received auricular acupressure at specific relaxation points while being transported to the hospital were less anxious, anticipated less pain and were more optimistic about the outcome of treatment that they will receive than the sham treated group. These data prove that this is an effective treatment for anxiety that improves the patient overall perception of ESWL.

Local active warming is an effective and easy to learn pain treatment for patients with acute renal colic in emergency care.

No abstract

This trial shows that local TENS is a rapid and effective treatment for renal colic pain. We found TENS to be a good nondrug therapy under the difficult circumstances of out of hospital rescue.

No abstract

Standard cyclosporinebased immunosuppression is ineffective in the treatment of refractory acute rejection (RAR) and obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) that follows lung transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of switching from cyclosporine to tacrolimus in the treatment of these situations. Nineteen patients entered the study. The indication for switching was OB in 11 patients and RAR in 8. Mean age was 41.3+ 13.1 years. In patients with RAR, the number of acute rejections was 1.5aO.7 and there were zero episodes per patient per 100 days before and after switching, respectively (P=O.O2). There was no significant reduction of the decline of forced expiratory volume (FEV,) within 6 months after switching in patients with OB. We conclude that the conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus was associated with favourable results in the treatment of RAR. Further studies are required to assess the influence of this approach in the treatment of OB.