Calf pain is a common complaint among runners of all ages but is most frequent in masters athletes. This article focuses on injuries to the triceps surae or true 'calf muscles.' The most common calf injury is a tear of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (Tennis Leg) but other structures including the lateral gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus also may be the cause of muscular pain. This article looks at the presentation, evaluation, and treatment of these injuries. We also highlight some examples of musculoskeletal ultrasound which is a valuable tool for rapid diagnosis of the cause and extent of injury.
One hundred and fourteen muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus (L.)), collected between September 1977 and January 1979 in three areas of insular Newfoundland, were examined for helminths, with 11 species being found (7 Digenea, 2 Cestoda, and 2 Nematoda). Diplostomum mergi was recovered from a mammal for the first time. Distribution along the alimentary tract was examined and all helminths recovered preferred the proximal 60% of the small intestine, except Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis and Trichostrongylus calcaratus, which preferred the caecum. Adult and immature muskrats showed differences in the prevalence and intensity of infection and the adults also had larger concurrent infections. In only one case, namely Hymenolepis evaginata, was a parasite species more prevalent in one sex (the males). Small seasonal differences in prevalence and (or) intensity of infection were noted for some parasites and were related to differences in parasite burden of adult and immature hosts and water temperature. A difference in the occurrence of Digenea between sample areas was related to water pH and hardness.
In the WHO European Region, 73 000 people were killed by interpersonal violence in 2002, and homicide represents the third leading cause of death after road traffic and suicide. Information on deaths is relatively easy to collect but these are just the tip of the iceberg: psychological, physical, sexual damage and neglect are not captured by routine data. To address this, the general objectives of the PHASE (Public Health Actions for a Safer Europe) project are to enhance injury data exchange in the Member States and to reinforce current health-sector related networks; in particular WP 6 addresses the theme of interpersonal violence. Four focus intervention areas have been identified: child, youth, intimate partners and elderly and four teams of European experts in collaboration with WHO National Focal Points on injury and violence prevention have identified and collected information on: (a) Country profile indicators; (b) Markers of prevalence; (c) Characteristics of violent behaviour; (d) National strategies, prevention programmes and services; (e) Legislation; (f) Reporting Systems; (g) Cost Analysis in the 27 European member states. These domains aimed to describe the magnitude of violence, understand which factors increase the risk for violent victimisation and perpetration, identify which type of programmes are effective and how legislation acts in this respect. The presentation will focus on the methodology adopted; discuss gaps and deficiencies in available information; present epidemiological findings and meta-analysis results. Intervention programmes and strategies that have been implemented and shown effectiveness in preventing violence will also be presented.
Adult muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) from Newfoundland (N = 44) and New Brunswick (N = 21) were measured and data obtained were analyzed using multivariate techniques. On the basis of skull measurements it was possible to accurately predict (P < 0.01) the site of origin of individual animals. Size differences were related to the availability of preferred foodstuffs. Ondatra zibethicus obscurus is considered a valid taxon for the Newfoundland muskrat.
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