IMPORTANCEThe prevalence of irreversible vision impairment in the United States is expected to increase by 2050. Vision rehabilitation is the primary treatment option. Clinical trials have established its efficacy in improving quality of life. Yet studies indicate that patients experience many barriers to accessing low-vision care.OBJECTIVES To examine the rate of referral for low-vision rehabilitation services by resident and attending ophthalmologists for adults with irreversible vision impairment and to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of patients about vision rehabilitation.

IMPORTANCE Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) occurs in 40% to 60% of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) International Space Station (ISS) astronauts who present postflight with ophthalmological findings and elevated intracranial pressure. The etiology of SANS is unknown; it is hypothesized that venous outflow congestion from the head and neck occurs because of microgravity, which is supported by the finding of internal jugular vein stagnant flow and thrombosis in some astronauts, but the impact on intracranial dural venous sinus structures remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To clarify the potential risk of retrograde extension of clot intracranially among astronauts with internal jugular venous thrombosis by evaluating intracranial venous structures following spaceflight and to assess for any association between intracranial venous congestion and SANS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study of all NASA astronauts who had undergone magnetic resonance (MR) venography at the time of the study included quantitative and qualitative assessments of the intracranial venous system on preflight and postflight MR venograms. Data were collected a mean (SD) of 525.8 (187.5) days before spaceflight and 2.0 (1.5) days after return to Earth. A semiautomated segmentation of the venogram images was used, which was then compared with a neuroradiologist's assessment. EXPOSURES A mean (SD) 184.3 (66.0) days of ISS spaceflight missions. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Dural venous sinus volumes before and after spaceflight.RESULTS A total of 12 astronauts (2 [16.67%] women; 10 [83.33%] men), with a mean (SD) age of 47.8 (5.8) years, were included. Overall, 4 astronauts (33.33%) met the diagnostic criteria for SANS.No dural venous sinus thrombosis was detected for any astronaut. Astronauts with SANS had Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License.

Clinically significant PCa is rarely missed utilizing MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy. With the majority of missed tumors representing targeting misregistrations or cases of low-grade cancer in sextants immediately adjacent to MRI suspicious lesions. Lower MRI lesion volumes, lesion density, and PI-RADS are predictors of cases with targeted biopsies missing cancer, for which systematic sampling of the sextants containing MRI targets and adjacent sextants would most optimize PCa detection.

Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent problem in the United States, affecting an estimated 14% of the general population. 1 This number has seen a discernable increase in recent decades due, in part, to a concomitant rise in the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension. 2 For patients with CKD requiring hemodialysis, reliable vascular access is of critical importance. The arteriovenous fistula (AVF), initially described by Brescia et al. 3 in 1966, is

HIV-related criminal laws in some jurisdictions may hamper population health efforts to manage HIV and bring about an AIDS-free generation. HIV care nurses have an instrumental role to play in ensuring equitable care and health for all in a context of HIV. The purpose of our study was to determine HIV care nurses' knowledge of HIV-related criminal laws. Ecosocial theory and content expert opinion guided development of a questionnaire to assess nurses' knowledge of HIV-related criminal laws. A total of 174 HIV care nurses from Canada (n = 23) and the United States (n = 151) completed the questionnaire. Knowledge gaps were observed in several aspects of HIV-related criminal laws that can influence nursing clinical practices. Nurses should increase their knowledge of HIV-related criminal laws to ensure the success of population health initiatives and to reduce stigma and discrimination experienced by people living with HIV.