Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in adult men in North America. Preclinical studies of prostate cancer employ genetically engineered mouse models, because prostate cancer does not occur naturally in rodents. Widespread application of these models has been limited because autopsy was the only reliable method to evaluate treatment efficacy in longitudinal studies. This article reports the first use of three-dimensional ultrasound microimaging for measuring tumor progression in a genetically engineered mouse model, the 94-amino acid prostate secretory protein gene-directed transgenic prostate cancer model. Qualitative comparisons of three-dimensional ultrasound images with serial histology sections of prostate tumors show the ability of ultrasound to accurately depict the size and shape of malignant masses in live mice. Ultrasound imaging identified tumors ranging from 2.4 to 14 mm maximum diameter. The correlation coefficient of tumor diameter measurements done in vivo with three-dimensional ultrasound and at autopsy was 0.998. Prospective tumor detection sensitivity and specificity were both >90% when diagnoses were based on repeated ultrasound examinations done on separate days. Representative exponential growth curves constructed via longitudinal ultrasound imaging indicated volume doubling times of 5 and 13 days for two prostate tumors. Compared with other microimaging and molecular imaging modalities, the application of three-dimensional ultrasound imaging to prostate cancer in mice showed advantages, such as high spatial resolution and contrast in soft tissue, fast and uncomplicated protocols, and portable and economical equipment that will likely enable ultrasound to become a new microimaging modality for mouse preclinical trial studies. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(14): 6337-45)

Background-Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major factor in graft quality and subsequent function in the transplantation setting. We hypothesize that the process of RNA interference may be used to "engineer" a graft to suppress expression of genes associated with inflammation, apoptosis, and complement, which are believed to cause ischemia/reperfusion injury. Such manipulation of pathological gene expression may be performed by treatment of the graft ex vivo with small interfering RNA (siRNA) as part of the preservation procedure. Methods and Results-Heart grafts from BALB/c mice were preserved in UW solution (control) or UW solution containing siRNAs targeting tumor necrosis factor-␣, C3, and Fas genes (siRNA solution) at 4°C for 48 hours and subsequently transplanted into syngeneic recipients. Tumor necrosis factor-␣, C3, and Fas genes were elevated by ischemia/reperfusion injury after 48 hours of preservation in UW solution. Preservation in siRNA solution knocked down gene expression at the level of messenger RNA and protein in the grafts after transplantation. All grafts preserved in siRNA solution showed strong contraction, whereas grafts preserved in control solution demonstrated no detectable contraction by high-frequency ultrasound scanning. siRNA solution-treated organs exhibited improved histology and diminished neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration compared with control solution-treated organs. Furthermore, the treated heart grafts retained strong beating up to the end of the observation period (Ͼ100 days), whereas all control grafts lost function within 8 days. Key Words: gene silencing Ⅲ ischemia Ⅲ organ preservation Ⅲ reperfusion Ⅲ RNA, small interfering Ⅲ transplantation O rgan transplantation is the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure. Although this procedure has been significantly improved over the past 70 years, there are still many challenges to overcome. 1 One of them is ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is an unavoidable reality of transplantation. 1 Traditionally, refrigeration and instillation of specialized preservation solutions have been used to mitigate damage during the ex vivo preservation period. The principle underlying cold preservation is that through slowing the metabolism and reducing cell swelling with a specialized preservation solution, the viability and quality of organs will be preserved. Unfortunately, metabolic activity is not completely halted at cold temperature, 2 and anaerobic cellular metabolism continues, albeit at a reduced level. This leads to an accumulation of toxic and harmful metabolites during preservation, which serve to activate immunological processes during reperfusion, causing inflammation and organ injury. 3,4 Conclusion-Incorporation Editorial see p 1027 Clinical Perspective on p 1107Many organ preservation solutions have been developed and applied in transplantation, but despite advances, cold ischemic storage of the heart is still limited to 4 to 6 hours because the preservation solutions are unable to signifi...

We report the first application of high-frequency threedimensional power Doppler ultrasound imaging in a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) prostate cancer model. We show that the technology sensitively and specifically depicts functional neoangiogenic blood flow because little or no flow is measurable in normal prostate tissue or tumors smaller than 2-3 mm diameter, the neoangiogenesis ''switch-on'' size. Vascular structures depicted by power Doppler were verified using Microfil-enhanced micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and by correlation with microvessel distributions measured by immunohistochemistry and enhanced vascularity visualized by confocal microscopy in two GEM models [transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) and PSP94 gene-directed transgenic mouse adenocarcinoma of the prostate (PSP-TGMAP)]. Four distinct phases of neoangiogenesis in cancer development were observed, specifically, (a) an early latent phase; (b) establishment of a peripheral capsular vascular structure as a neoangiogenesis initiation site; (c) a peak in tumor vascularity that occurs before aggressive tumor growth; and (d) rapid tumor growth accompanied by decreasing vascularity. Microsurgical interventions mimicking local delivery of antiangiogenesis drugs were done by ligating arteries upstream from feeder vessels branching to the prostate. Microsurgery produced an immediate reduction of tumor blood flow, and flow remained low from 1 h to 2 weeks or longer after treatment. Power Doppler, in conjunction with micro-CT, showed that the tumors recruit secondary blood supplies from nearby vessels, which likely accounts for the continued growth of the tumors after surgery. The microsurgical model represents an advanced angiogenic prostate cancer stage in GEM mice corresponding to clinically defined hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Three-dimensional power Doppler imaging is completely noninvasive and will facilitate basic and preclinical research on neoangiogenesis in live animal models. [Cancer Res 2007;67(6):2830-9]

Molecular imaging techniques used to detect the initiation of disease have the potential to provide the best opportunity for early treatment and cure. This report aimed at testing the possibility that Flk1+ (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2), a crucial angiogenesis factor of most tumor cells, could be a molecular targeted imaging marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. We performed Flk1-targeted microbubble-enhanced ultrasound (US) imaging of prostate cancer in a genetically engineered mouse model with normal-appearing intact US (negative) prostates and with three different tumor sizes (small, medium, and large). Higher levels of Flk1+ molecular signals were identified in the intact US (negative) prostate group by US-targeted imaging and immunohistochemical analysis. The increase in Flk1+ expression occurred prior to the angiogenesis switch-on phase and vascularity peak. After this peak accumulation stage of Flk1+ molecules, lower and stabilized levels of Flk1+ signals were maintained together with tumor growth from small, to medium, to large size. In a longitudinal observation in a subset (n = 5) of mice with established tumors, elevated Flk1+ signals were observed in tissues surrounding the prostate cancer, for example, the ipsilateral boundary zones between two developing tumor lobes, new tumor blood vessel recruits, the urethra border, and the pelvic node basin. The potential of Flk1-targeted US imaging as a predictive imaging tool was confirmed by correlation studies of three-dimensional US B-mode imaging, gross pathology, and histology analyses. The results of the application in a genetically engineered mouse model with prostate cancer of molecular Flk1-targeted US imaging support the contention that Flk1 can be used as a molecular imaging marker for small tumors undetectable by microimaging and as a molecular diagnostic and prognosis marker for tumor metastasis and progression.

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Supplementary Figure 2 from A New Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Microimaging Technology for Preclinical Studies Using a Transgenic Prostate Cancer Mouse Model

<div>Abstract<p>Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in adult men in North America. Preclinical studies of prostate cancer employ genetically engineered mouse models, because prostate cancer does not occur naturally in rodents. Widespread application of these models has been limited because autopsy was the only reliable method to evaluate treatment efficacy in longitudinal studies. This article reports the first use of three-dimensional ultrasound microimaging for measuring tumor progression in a genetically engineered mouse model, the 94–amino acid prostate secretory protein gene-directed transgenic prostate cancer model. Qualitative comparisons of three-dimensional ultrasound images with serial histology sections of prostate tumors show the ability of ultrasound to accurately depict the size and shape of malignant masses in live mice. Ultrasound imaging identified tumors ranging from 2.4 to 14 mm maximum diameter. The correlation coefficient of tumor diameter measurements done <i>in vivo</i> with three-dimensional ultrasound and at autopsy was 0.998. Prospective tumor detection sensitivity and specificity were both >90% when diagnoses were based on repeated ultrasound examinations done on separate days. Representative exponential growth curves constructed via longitudinal ultrasound imaging indicated volume doubling times of 5 and 13 days for two prostate tumors. Compared with other microimaging and molecular imaging modalities, the application of three-dimensional ultrasound imaging to prostate cancer in mice showed advantages, such as high spatial resolution and contrast in soft tissue, fast and uncomplicated protocols, and portable and economical equipment that will likely enable ultrasound to become a new microimaging modality for mouse preclinical trial studies.</p></div>

Supplementary Figure 2 from A New Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Microimaging Technology for Preclinical Studies Using a Transgenic Prostate Cancer Mouse Model