RPsumPLe but des ttudes Ctait de determiner les effets de la catkgorisation sociale sur le comportement inter-groupe, quand, dans la situation inter-group, on ne pouvait incriminer ni des calculs d'intCr&t individuel ni des attitudes hostiles prtexistantes en ce qui wncerne le comportement discriminatoire vis-A-vis d'un groupe exterieur. Ces conditions ttaient remplies dans le plan ex-p6rimental. L a premiere drie d'exptriences a demonstrk que les sujets favorisaient leur propre groupe dans la distribution de recompenses et de ptnalith dam une situation dans laquelle seule le variable de classifications trks peu importantes distinguait entre le propre groupe et le groupe ext6rieur. La deuxikme strie d'expiriences a montrk que:

The present study is one of a series exploring the role of social categorization in intergroup behaviour. It has been found in our previous studies that in 'minimal' situations, in which the subjects were categorized into groups on the basis of visual judgments they had made or of their esthetic preferences, they clearly discriminated against members of an outgroup although this gave them no personal advantage. However, in these previous studies division into groups was still made on the basis of certain criteria of 'real' similarity between subjects who were assigned to the same category. Therefore, the present study established social categories on an explicitly random basis without any reference to any such real similarity.It was found that, as soon as the notion o f 'group' was introduced into the situation, the subjects still discriminated against those assigned to another random category. This discrimination was considerably more marked than the one based on a division of subjects in terms of interindividual similarities in which the notion of 'group' was never explicitly introduced. In addition, it was found that fairness was also a determinant o f the subjects' decisions.The results are discussed from the point of view o f their relevance to a socialcognitive theory of intergroup behaviour.Previous papers (Tajfel, 1970, Tajfel et al., 1971 reported a set of studies which aimed to elucidate the role played by social categorization in intergroup behaviour. The major purpose of these studies was to show that an individual's act of categorizing his social world into distinct social groups, into 'them' and 'us', can be, at least in I . This stndy was conducted with the help of a grant from the Ford Foundation. The authors wish to thank E. Land, A. Monk, G . Shorten and J. Smith for helping to run the experiment.

This study dealt with place and home attachment of Jewish settlers in the Gaza region affected by hostilities incurring risk to the settlers’ lives. It evaluated the variables related to the settlers’ risk perception and their tendency to stay or leave their homes in a sample consisting of 156 of 947 households interviewed by telephone. The researchers evaluated how risk perception and the tendency to stay were related to demographic characteristics such as gender and length of time living in the region and to cultural characteristics such as place and home attachment, ideology, and religious faith. In spite of the dangerous environment, the settlers were found to have a strong tendency to stay in the area, related to their firm ideology of holding on to the land, profound religious faith, strong place and home attachment, and low risk perception of their situation.

On dCcrit deux ttudes portant sur les consCquences d'une discussion en groupe de probltmes impliquant un risque. La premitre Ctude montra que d'un cas B l'autre, le risultat peut relever soit d'une conduite impliquant des risques, soit d'une conduite prudente, soit d'une conduite inchangke.Dans la deuxitme Ctude, oh l'utilisation d'une Cchelle des prises de risque permettait de savoir si telle dtcision Ctait risquke, prudente ou neutre, on mit la polarisation de groupe en Cvidence, c'est-i-dire le fait qu'une discussion ramene le groupe vers un p61e dCji favorisC. On proposa alors d'expliquer les prises de risque de groupe par des processus de polarisation -n'incluant pas uniquement la prise de risque ellemCme -et allant de pair avec des phCnom h e s relatifs B la valeur du risque pris, ce qui prouverait qu'il existe une preference gCnCrale pour ce qui relkve des valeurs positives.In zwei Untersuchungen werden die Ergebnisse einer Gruppendiskussion uber Probleme, die ein Risiko einschliessen, beschrieben. Erstere In der zweiten Untersuchung, in welcher eine Tabelle uber riskantes Verhalten benutzt wurde, die deutlich zeigte, in wieweit Entscheidungen als riskant, vorsichtig oder neutral zu gelten haben, wurde eine Gruppenpolarisation veranschaulicht, d.h. die Diskussion veranlasste Gruppen, sich dem schon begiinstigten Pol zuzuwenden. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, das Risiko-Verhalten von Gruppen in Form von Polarisationsprozessen zu erklaren -welches nicht nur auf das Verhalten einern Risiko gegenuber beschrankt ist -zusarnmen mit etwas das dern Wert des Risikos verwandt ist, was beweisen konnte, dass es sich urn eine allgemeine Vorliebe fur Positiva handelt.

The Israeli government decided in March 2005 to remove the settlers of the Gaza Strip, a process known as "disengagement." One person per household residing in 13 settlements was randomly selected for a telephone interview that included the Demoralization Scale of the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview. Women respondents and those with fewer years of education, higher risk perception, greater alienation from government, poorer perceived health, no social support outside the West Bank or Gaza, worse religious coping, and residence in a secular settlement had enhanced risk for higher emotional distress. Positive current satisfaction with life was associated with greater place attachment, less risk perception, stronger ideological stand, less feeling of alienation from the government, a more positive view of the future, and plans to return to Gaza. This population, as others in transitional states, may be at risk for emotional distress compared with some but not all stable Israeli groups.