Obese patients are significantly more likely than lean patients to experience complications and death after a traumatic event. This effect is enhanced with higher levels of injury.
Based on an ongoing attempt to integrate Natural Language instructions with human figure animation, we demonstrate that agents' understanding and use of instructions can complement what they can derive from the environment in which they act. We focus on two attitudes that contribute to agents' behavior-their intentions and their expectations-and shown how Natural Language instructions contribute to such attitudes in ways that complement the environment. We also show that instructions can require more than one context of interpretation and thus that agents' understanding of instructions can evolve as their activity progresses. A significant consequence is that Natural Language understanding in the context of behavior cannot simply be treated as "front end" processing, but rather must be integrated more deeply into the processes that guide an agent's behavior and respond to its perceptions.
Context: Nonradiographic tests to identify fractures rely on a patient's report of increased pain at the site of injury. These tests can be misleading and produce false-positive or false-negative results because of differences in pain tolerance. A painless technique using a tuning fork and stethoscope to detect fractures has undergone limited review in the athletic training literature. Objective: To determine if the use of a 128-Hz vibrating tuning fork and stethoscope were effective in identifying fractures. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University athletic training room or local orthopaedic center when fractures were suspected. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 37 patients (19 males, 18 females) volunteered. Main Outcome Measure(s): A diminished or absent sound arising from the injured bone as compared with the uninjured bone represented a positive sign for a fracture. Radiographs interpreted by the attending orthopaedic physician provided the standard for comparison of diagnostic findings. Results: Sensitivity was 0.83 (10∶12), specificity was 0.80 (20∶25), positive likelihood ratio was 4.2, negative likelihood ratio was 0.21, and diagnostic accuracy was 81% (30∶37). Conclusions: The tuning fork and stethoscope technique was an effective screening method for a variety of fractures.
We examine the use of decision networks in animating virtual agents. We have developed a system that allows the realization of multiple, parallel behaviors for an agent. The networks we utilize, called PaT-Nets, are used both to represent individual behaviors and also to encode rules of engagement between agents. The multiple networks simultaneously attached to an individual agent are used to control locomotion, planning, visual attention and decision-making strategy. We discuss how human players may be substituted for autonomous players and still operate under the represented behaviors in the PaT-Nets. This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to pubs-permissions@ieee.org. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it. We examine the use of decision networks in animating virtual agents. We have developed a system that allows the realization of multiple, parallel behaviors for an agent. The networks we utilize, called PaT-Nets, are used both to represent individual behaviors and also to encode rules of engagement between agents. The multiple networks simultaneouslyattached to an individualagent are used to control locomotion, planning, visual attention and decision-making strategy. We discuss how human players may be substituted for autonomous players and still operate under the represented behaviors in the PaT-Nets. Author(s)Thomas
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and debilitating condition for which clinicians sometimes turn to anticonvulsants as a treatment for symptoms. This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) that have assessed the efficacy of topiramate as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, compared to placebo, for the treatment of PTSD in adults. Prescribers may be reluctant to turn to topiramate, given the commonly reported side effects of impaired cognition, sedation, fatigue, and headache. We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Central databases for relevant trials. Five studies were identified as RCTs and thus met inclusion criteria; one additional nonpublished study was identified via phone contact with its authors. Of these six studies, one was excluded from the statistical meta-analysis due to its high dropout rate (16 of 40 participants). One of these studies was excluded from a stratified analysis of symptom types because this subscale data were unavailable. For overall symptomatology, topiramate showed a medium, but not significant effect, standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.55, p = .082. Topiramate showed a small and significant reduction of hyperarousal symptoms, SMD = 0.35, 95% CI [0.029, 0.689], p = .033. Topiramate did not significantly reduce reexperiencing symptoms, SMD = 0.29, 95% CI [-0.019, 0.597], p = .067, or avoidance symptoms, SMD = 0.20, 95% CI [-0.105, 0.509], p = .198. Results did not differ significantly between veteran and nonveteran subjects, or between topiramate as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy. Further studies on topiramate will clarify its role in PTSD treatment.
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