Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop colitis and colorectal cancer similar to the inflammatory bowel disease associated cancer in humans. The aim of this study was to identify possible mutations of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes involved in tumorigenesis in Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-deficient mice. Twenty colon carcinomas from IL-10-deficient mice were screened for mutations in the K-ras and p53 genes by 'cold' single-strand-conformation polymorphism. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect mutations in the proteins P53, APC and MSH2, and the transforming growth factor beta type II receptor. Microsatellite instability was analysed at eight chromosomal loci and plasma levels of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) were also measured. At 9 weeks, 14% of the animals developed colorectal cancer, and at 10-31 weeks the incidence of carcinoma was 65%. No mutations were detected in the analysed oncogene and tumour suppressor genes. Plasma TGF-beta1 levels in IL-10-deficient mice 10-31 weeks old were higher than in wild-type littermates e.g. 45.7 +/- 4.6 ng/ml versus 19.8 +/- 4.5 ng/ml (P<0.01). No alterations in K-ras, p53, APC: and Msh2 genes suggests that other genes are involved in the development of these tumours. Elevated TGF-beta1 plasma levels correspond to the high incidence of dysplasia and cancer. Normal expression of the TGF-beta II receptors hints at genetic alterations in other members of the TGF-beta receptor signal transduction pathway.

Cachexia and the acute-phase response are common manifestations of inflammation and are presumed to be the product of increased synthesis and release of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-1 receptor blockade has been previously shown to attenuate the weight loss, anorexia and acute-phase protein responses associated with a turpentine abscess. However, IL-1 receptor blockade was also associated with a reduced plasma IL-6 response, suggesting that the benefit achieved by IL-1 receptor blockade may be mediated by reduced systemic IL-6 production. To gain a better understanding of the role of IL-6 in this model of inflammation, C57BL/6 mice were passively immunized with either a monoclonal anti-IL-6 antibody (20F3), an anti-IL-1 type I receptor monoclonal antibody (35F5), a non-immune rat IgG, or a combined therapy of 35F5 and 20F3, before receiving a sterile turpentine abscess. IL-6 or IL-1 receptor blockade equally spared body weight and food intake. Compared to IL-1 receptor blockade, passive immunization against IL-6 further reduced the hepatic acute-phase protein response, as represented by serum amyloid P and complement 3. Combined blockade of IL-6 and IL-1 receptor did not result in a further sparing of body weights or improvement of food intake. These results confirm that IL-1 contributes to host cachexia and the acute-phase response following a turpentine abscess, but also show that these actions are dependent upon an IL-6 response. We conclude that the influence of IL-1 on cachexia and the acute-phase response is mediated, at least in part, through IL-6 and, thus, IL-6 may play a pivotal role in the cachexia and acute-phase response to inflammation.

Dendritic cells (DC) are unique in their ability to stimulate naive T cells to proliferate and to differentiate into effector T cells. DC, however, can also inhibit T cell activation and play a role in central and peripheral tolerance. IL-10 has been shown to render DC tolerogenic by unknown mechanisms. Using a combined monoclonal antibody/retroviral expression cloning approach, we show here that the inhibitory receptor LIR-2 (leukocyte immunoglobulinlike receptor-2, CD85d) is specifically up-regulated by IL-10 on maturing human DC. LPSstimulated, LIR-2-transfected DC inhibited the proliferation of T cells in autologous, as well as allogeneic culture systems in vitro. In addition, overexpression of LIR-2 on resting T cells, which lack LIR-2 expression, inhibited T cell proliferation induced by TCR activation. A novel soluble form of LIR-2 was detected in culture supernatants of maturing DC. IL-10 treatment of DC potently inhibited the production of soluble LIR-2. Recombinant soluble LIR-2 was able to completely restore the proliferation of T cells activated with LPS-plus IL-10-treated DC. Thus, IL-10 renders DC hypostimulatory by up-regulating cell surface LIR-2 and by inhibiting soluble LIR-2 in vitro.

Autonomous release of hematopoietic growth factors may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of certain hematological malignancies. Because of its cytokine synthesis-inhibiting action, interleukin 10 (IL-10) could be a potentially useful molecule to affect leukemic cell growth in such disorders. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) cells spontaneously form myeloid colonies (colony-forming units-granulocyte/macrophage) in methylcellulose, suggesting an autocrine growth factor-mediated mechanism. We studied the effect of recombinant human IL-10 (rhIL-10) on the in vitro growth of mononuclear cells obtained from peripheral blood or bone marrow of patients with CMML. IL-10 specifically binding to leukemic cells had a profound and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on autonomous in vitro growth of CMML cells. IL-10 significantly inhibited the spontaneous growth of myeloid colonies in methylcellulose in 10/11 patients, and autonomous CMML cell growth in suspension in 5/5 patients tested. Spontaneous colony growth from CMML cells was also markedly reduced by addition of antigranulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies, but not by addition of antibodies against G-CSF, IL-3, or IL-6, IL-10-induced suppression of CMML cell growth was reversed by the addition of exogenous GM-CSF and correlated with a substantial decrease in GM-CSF production by leukemic cells, both at the mRNA and protein levels. Our data indicate that IL-10 profoundly inhibits the autonomous growth of CMML cells in vitro most likely through suppression of endogenous GM-CSF release. This observation suggests therapeutic evaluation of rhIL-10 in patients with CMML.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) superfamily, has recently been shown to induce several inflammatory responses when administered to healthy animals, including induction of fever and a hepatic acute phase protein response. In the present report, 250 micrograms.kg body wt-1.day-1 of recombinant rat CNTF or murine IL-6 were repeatedly administered to healthy mice over a 7-day period in an effort to compare biological responses. In addition to its in vivo capacity to elicit a hepatic acute phase response, administration of CNTF, but not IL-6, produced profound anorexia and lean tissue wasting in mice. In C57B1/6 mice, 7 days of CNTF administration led to a 21% loss in carcass protein content, resulting from carcass protein breakdown rates being increased 218% over freely fed controls (both P < 0.01). Protein synthesis rates in carcass protein were also increased in CNTF-treated mice compared with both freely fed animals and mice pair-fed equivalent quantities of food. In contrast, administration of equivalent quantities of murine IL-6 had no effect on food intake or body weight in mice, although IL-6 produced a similar hepatic acute phase response, as determined by increases in serum amyloid P and seromucoid fraction and increases in total hepatic protein synthesis. However, when CNTF was coincubated with extensor digitorum longus muscles from juvenile rats in vitro, rates of total muscle and myofibrillar protein degradation and muscle protein synthesis were unchanged. We conclude that CNTF can regulate in vivo both skeletal muscle remodeling as well as the distant anorexia and hepatic acute phase protein responses. In the case of skeletal muscle, these actions are both indirect and independent of the associated anorexia. These properties of CNTF are distinct from IL-6, which when administered to the mouse at these doses is neither anorexigenic nor cachexia producing.

There is, at present, considerable interest in the possible role for the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. Indirect evidence for such a role is based on the observation that chronic administration of many of these cytokines, either alone or in combination, can reproduce the myriad of host responses seen in experimental and human cancer cachexia. Elevated plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2, and interferon-gamma have rarely been detected in patients or experimental animals with cancer, although interleukin-6 levels appear to correlate with tumor progression in animal models. The strongest evidence for a causal role for cytokines has come from rodent studies in which tumor-bearing animals have been passively immunized with antibodies directed against individual cytokines. Several groups have shown modest but significant improvements in food intake and lean tissue retention with antibodies directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma. However, there has been no consistent finding that one cytokine is universally involved in cancer cachexia in histologically distinct tumor models. One ominous finding in several tumor models has been that the endogenous production of cytokines appears to support tumor growth. Such findings raise the intriguing possibility that these cytokines, although contributors to tissue wasting and anorexia, may also serve the tumor as either direct or indirect cell growth factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Stllilmsl'y Anticytokine therapies have been promulgated in gram-negative sepsis as a means of preventing or neutralizing excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, systemic administration of cytokine inhibitors is an inefficient means of targeting excessive production in individual tissue compartments. In the present study, human gene transfer was used to deliver to organs of the reticuloendothelial system antagonists that either inhibit tumor necrosis factor-ol (TNF-o 0 synthesis or block its interactions with cellular receptors. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with cationic liposomes containing 200 #g of either a pCMV (cytomegalovirus)/p55 expression plasmid that contains the extracellular domain and transmembrane region of the human p55 TNF receptor, or a pcD-SR-c~/hIL-10 expression plasmid containing the DNA for human interleukin 10. 48 h later, mice ycere challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine. Pretreatment of mice with p55 or IL-10 cDNA-liposome complexes improved survival ~ <0.01) to LPS-Dgalactosamine. In additional studies, intratracheal administration of IL-10 DNA-liposome complexes 48 h before an intratracheal LPS challenge reduced pulmonary TNF-ol levels by 62% and decreased neutrophil infiltration in the lung by 55% as measured by myeloperoxidase activity (both p <(0.05). Gene transfer with cytokine inhibitors is a promising option for the treatment of both the systemic and local sequelae of septic shock.

These results suggest that the combination of matrix glycation and inflammation up-regulates the activation of the endothelial cell adhesion cascade, a mechanism that might contribute to the increased burden of atherosclerotic morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus or chronic renal failure.