The effects of fasting on the drug regimens of 81 Asian Moslem patients during the religious month of Ramadan have been examined.Twenty-two male and 15 female patients were found to change their drug dosage pattern while fasting: 35 missed doses; 8 took their tablets at different times and 4 patients took all their medication as one single daily dose after breaking fast in the evening.The consequences of these zhanges are discussed and ways in which the problems which arise may be overcome are examined.
Lead-207 n.m.r. chemical shift data have been recorded for the following bivalent lead compounds (solvent in parentheses) : Pb(N03)2 (water), Pb(C104)2*3H20 (water), Pb(02CCH3)2*3H20 (water), Pb(02CC6F5)2 (tetrahydrofuran, thf), Pb[S,P(OR)J, (R = C2H5 or i-C4H9) (thf and dichloromethane). The nature of the solution species is discussed. The very high-field chemical shifts exhibited by the hydrated lead (11) dication and the monoacetato-and mononitrato-lead (ti) monocations are ascribed to efficient nuclear shielding resulting from the confinement of the lead(ii) lone pair to the metal 6s orbital.
Lead sulphide frequently occurs as a fallacious materia medica in traditional preparations used throughout the Moslem world. Although one of the least soluble lead compounds, use of this material as an eye powder has been directly associated with elevated blood-lead levels in children. Data are presented from animal studies which show the primary route for ingestion of the eye cosmetic is not transcorneal transport. Conversion of the sulphide to the more soluble (and hence more readily absorbed) chloride form is shown to occur in gastric fluid and, signifkantly, a marked dependence of the rate of dissolution on particle size is found. This may explain the disparity in previous reported values for the extent of absorption of ingested lead sulphide.
I N T R O D U C T I O NStudies carried out on a wide selection of traditional medicines and cosmetics used by the Asian immigrant population in Britain have revealed the presence of heavy metal# such as lead, mercury and arsenic, introduced either as contaminants or by deliberate addition (1). Among the various materials examined was the eye cosmetic known as sunna. Surma is a finely ground grey or black powder which is applied to the conjunctivae of infants, children and, sometimes, their mothers, for cosmetic purposes and in the belief that it will 'strengthen the eyes'. Using X-ray powder diffraction methods analyses of ten proprietary surmas manufactured in India or Pakistan, but obtained in the United Kingdom, revealed the presence of lead as lead sulphide in six. Quantitative analysis using atomic absorption spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer 603) showed a mean lead concentration of 59.8% w/w (1). Of a further seventy-two 'home-made' surmas obtained in Manchester, Nottingham, Bradford, Birmingham and London, forty-six were found to contain lead with a mean lead concentration of 54% w/w (range: 2046% w/w).More recent studies in Kuwait (2) and samples from other Arab countries have shown that the problem is not restricted to Asian practices in Britain or the Indian sub-continent, but is relevant to the Moslem world generally. In Arab countries the eye cosmetic is known as al kohl and is found to be similar to the surma material. Of thirteen such samples analysed,
'Correspondence to Dr
282ChemInform Abstract Time-resolved IR studies provide confirmation that both title isomers are important intermediates in the photolysis of LW(CO)5 and cis-(Pip)LW(CO)4 compounds (Pip: piperidine). These isomers react with CO at different rates, indicating that these isomers are not stereochemically interconvertible on the time scale of their reaction with CO even in a solvent as nonpolar as n-heptane. All of these formally unsaturated species appear to be solvated to give pseudooctahedral quasicoordination compounds. The term "Token Ligand" is proposed to signify this specific interaction of a solvent molecule with an otherwise vacant coordination site in reaction intermediates.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.