[formula: see text] The stereoselective preparation of C-linked D-gluco- and D-galactopyranosyl L-serines in their alpha and beta forms is herein reported. The syntheses require the conversion of the allyl C-glycopyranosides into their iodoethyl derivatives, which then undergo substitution with the Williams' chiral glycine enolate equivalent. Deprotection and acetylation affords Boc-protected amino acids for peptide synthesis.

Vascular interventional radiology procedures are relatively safe compared with analogous surgical procedures, with overall major complication rates of less than 1%. However, major vascular injuries resulting from these procedures may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. This review will discuss the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of vascular complications related to percutaneous vascular interventions. Early recognition of these complications and familiarity with treatment options are essential skills for the interventional radiologist.

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fPSA%, unlike total PSA or PAP, is significantly higher in pelvic vein compared to peripheral vein samples when prostate cancer is present. Larger studies including patients with higher PSA values are warranted to further investigate this counterintuitive finding.

Use of a pedal/tibial approach as the sole site of arterial access may become an important access technique for femoropopliteal revascularization when patients have limited femoral access options.

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a common, safe, and effective method of treating abdominal aortic aneurysms. Traditionally treated via surgical cutdown over the common femoral arteries, many recent studies demonstrate percutaneous access techniques to avoid the surgical cutdown. Developing familiarity with these percutaneous techniques, including risks, complications, adjuncts, and alternative accesses, can help improve the outcomes and availability of EVAR. As these techniques become increasingly common, it is not unlikely that they can be practiced safely in select patients in an outpatient setting.

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Safe and effective treatment of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and critical limb ischemia can be routinely performed in the angiography suite. A systematic understanding of the medications commonly used during these procedures is essential. This review discusses the traditional roles of the medications used in PAD procedures, the existing evidence basis for those roles, potential alternatives, and evolving techniques. Developing a familiarity with these medications can help improve outcomes and safety for the patients being treated.