Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are promising electrochemical energy storage systems because of their low cost and high energy density. However, practical exploitation of KIBs is hampered by the lack of high-performance cathode materials. Here we report a potassium manganese hexacyanoferrate (K2Mn[Fe(CN)6]) material, with a negligible content of defects and water, for efficient high-voltage K-ion storage. When tested in combination with a K metal anode, the K2Mn[Fe(CN)6]-based electrode enables a cell specific energy of 609.7 Wh kg−1 and 80% capacity retention after 7800 cycles. Moreover, a K-ion full-cell consisting of graphite and K2Mn[Fe(CN)6] as anode and cathode active materials, respectively, demonstrates a specific energy of 331.5 Wh kg−1, remarkable rate capability, and negligible capacity decay for 300 cycles. The remarkable electrochemical energy storage performances of the K2Mn[Fe(CN)6] material are attributed to its stable frameworks that benefit from the defect-free structure.
Aromatic fractions derived from aerosol samples were characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high temperature simulated distillation (SIMDIS), and positive-ion atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), respectively. It was found that about 27 wt % compounds in aromatic fractions could not be eluted from a GC column and some large molecule PAHs were neglected in GC-MS analysis. APPI FT-ICR MS was proven to be a powerful approach for characterizing the molecular composition of aromatics, especially for the large molecular species. An aromatic sample from Beijing urban aerosol was successfully characterized by APPI FT-ICR MS. Results showed that most abundant aromatic compounds in PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) were highly condensed hydrocarbons with 4-8 aromatic rings and their homologues with very short alkyl chains. Furthermore, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbons were found as the significant components of the aromatic fractions: O1, O2, N1, and S1 class species with 10-28 DBEs (double bond equivalents) and 14-38 carbon numbers were identified by APPI FT-ICR MS. The heteroatom PAHs had similar DBEs and carbon number distribution as regular PAHs.
This study utilizes the unique merits of an 8-L laboratory upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for treating synthetic wastewater containing trichloroethylene (TCE). The reactor was operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 h. TCE removal efficiency decreased from 99 to 85 % when the HRT was lowered down from 25 to 5 h, as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency (from 95 to 84.15 %). Using Illumina 16S rRNA gene MiSeq sequencing, we investigated the evolution of bacterial communities in the anaerobic sludge under five different conditions of HRT. In total, 106,387 effective sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were generated from 5 samples that widely represented the diversity of microbial community. Sequence analysis consisting of several novel taxonomic levels ranging from phyla to genera revealed the percentages of these bacterial groups in each sample under different HRTs. The differences found among the five samples indicated that HRT had effects on the structures of bacterial communities and the changes of bacterial communities associated with the effect of HRT on the performance of the reactor. Sequence analyses showed that Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla. It is notable that the class Dehalococcoidia was found in the samples at HRT of 5, 10, 20, and 25 h, respectively, in which there were some dechlorination strains. Moreover, a tremendous rise of TCE removal efficiency from HRT of 5 h to HRT of 10 h was found.
SUMMARY
dl-Nornicotine-2 '-14C was synthesized i n four steps. Nicotinic acid
(carboxylnicotinate (carbo~ycyZ-~~C). The ester was condensed with 3-lithio-gtrimethylsilyl-2-pyrmlidone t o give 3-nicotinoyl-g-trimethylsilyl-2-pyrrolidone (ketone carbonyti n concentrated hydrochloric acid to give myosmine-2 '-I4C.
Reduction o f myosmine-Zr14C gave nornicotine-2'-14C. Reaction o f nornicotir~e-Z'-'~C in hydrochloric acid with sodium n i t r i t e gave g ' -n i t r o s o n o r n i~o t i n e -Z ' -~~C . Purification of Labelled myosmine, nornicotine, and-N'-nitrosonornicotine oas accomplished by prepamtive t h i n lager chmmztography.
CI was f i r s t e s t e r i f i e d with diazomethane t o yield methyl14 C), which was hydrolyaed and decarboxylated
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