The biostability of the polymer is one of the critical parameter to use them for biomaterial application. Polyurethane being one of the most compliant polymer but there are concerns regarding its resistance to degradation, particularly from hydrolysis and oxidation. The aim of this study is to synthesise a novel bioactive composite by creating a covalent linkage between polyurethane and nano-apatites and to analyse the in-vitro hydrolytic degradation of a series of newly synthesised polyurethane (PU) and polyurethane/nano-hydroxyapatite (PU/n-HA) composites. Nanoapatite powder was produced through sol-gel technique. A novel polyurethane composite material was prepared by chemically bonding the n-HA to the diisocyanate component in the polyurethane backbone by utilising solvent polymerisation. The concentration of nano-apatite was 5, 10, 15 and 20% wt/wt in polyurethane. Hydrolytic degradation of the PU and PU/n-HA composites were carried out both in deionised water and in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) having (pH 7.4) at 37 C for a predetermined time interval of 90 days. The PU and PU/n-HA composites were physically and chemically characterised by using contact angle measurement, weight loss, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy couples with Photoacoustic Sampling Cell (FTIR-PAS), Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These characterisations showed that with the addition of n-HA the composite exhibits hydrophobic behaviour and degradation rate reduces due to covalent linkage between n-HA and PU. Hence it has been concluded that the degradation rate of the newly developed PU/n-HA composites can be controlled, which helps in tailor making the biomaterial for specific applications.
Background and Objectives: The quest for a suitable esthetic material for tooth restoration has resulted in significant advancements in both material properties and application technique. Composites and acid-etch procedures are two significant advancements in esthetic restorative dentistry. Further research has strengthened composites' overall wear resistance and strength, but the problem of polymerization shrinkage has persisted. To reduce polymerization shrinkage and microleakage, a variety of techniques and material modifications have been suggested. The marginal leakage of amalgam, packable composite, flowable composite with packable composite, and high-viscosity traditional glass ionomer cement (GIC) was compared in this analysis to test the mentioned hypothesis. Materials and Methods: We chose 60 freshly extracted teeth and divided them into four classes of 15 teeth each. Class II cavities were prepared in a standardized manner. Group I was treated with amalgam, Group II with packable composite (GC G-aenial Posterior), Group III with flowable composite (G-aenial Universal Flo) as a liner and then restored with packable composite (GC G-aenial Posterior), and Group IV with high-viscosity traditional GIC (EQUI FORTE FILL). After that, the restorations were put through a thermocycling process. The specimens were soaked in 0.5% methylene blue dye before being cut into mesiodistal sections to assess microleakage at the gingival margin. After that, the parts were examined under a stereomicroscope. The degree of dye penetration was used to determine the score. Results: There was no microleakage in the control group, and the gap between the control and experimental groups was statistically significant (P = 0.017). Conclusion: The glass hybrid restorative device had less gingival microleakage than the resin-based restorative material, indicating that it has a better sealing capacity. Clinical acceptability of glass hybrid restorative systems, on the other hand, must be confirmed with a larger sample size and in vivo trials.
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