No abstract

Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) has been considered as one of the commonest disorder in Pakistan. In this disorder, the patient complains of pain in Temporomandibular joint and associated anatomical muscles. This research study has been performed to evaluate the frequency of Anxiety and Depression in patients with Chronic Temporomandibular Disorder (CTMD). Objectives: The objective of this research study is to evaluate the frequency of Anxiety and Depression among patients with Chronic Temporomandibular joint Disorder. Study Design: A Cross-sectional Descriptive research study. Setting: This research study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral and Health sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences and Dr. Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Period: This research study was conducted for a respective period of 1 year from 1st March 2018 to 1st March 2019. Materials and Methods: A total of 213 patients having persisting Temporomandibular joint pain for more than 6 months were included in this study. The diagnosis of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) was established if the patient demonstrated pain/discomfort in the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) and muscles of mastication and masticatory dysfunction for a period, exceeding 6 months. After demographic questions, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was administered to each patient and the intensity and severity of Anxiety and Depression were recorded and documented by the Operator. Results: The percentage of Anxiety and Depression among patients with Chronic Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) was 31.46% (67/213) and 36.15% (77/213). Conclusion: In our respective study, the Frequency of psychological disorders like Anxiety and Depression were significantly high. Our results showed that an adequate and profound diagnosis and treatment planning is very necessary for all patients suffering from Chronic Temporomandibular Disorder (CTMD) so that both physical and psychological factors of patients with Chronic Temporomandibular Disorder (CTMD) should be taken into primary foremost consideration prior to the decision pertaining to its management respectively.

Background and Objectives: The quest for a suitable esthetic material for tooth restoration has resulted in significant advancements in both material properties and application technique. Composites and acid-etch procedures are two significant advancements in esthetic restorative dentistry. Further research has strengthened composites' overall wear resistance and strength, but the problem of polymerization shrinkage has persisted. To reduce polymerization shrinkage and microleakage, a variety of techniques and material modifications have been suggested. The marginal leakage of amalgam, packable composite, flowable composite with packable composite, and high-viscosity traditional glass ionomer cement (GIC) was compared in this analysis to test the mentioned hypothesis. Materials and Methods: We chose 60 freshly extracted teeth and divided them into four classes of 15 teeth each. Class II cavities were prepared in a standardized manner. Group I was treated with amalgam, Group II with packable composite (GC G-aenial Posterior), Group III with flowable composite (G-aenial Universal Flo) as a liner and then restored with packable composite (GC G-aenial Posterior), and Group IV with high-viscosity traditional GIC (EQUI FORTE FILL). After that, the restorations were put through a thermocycling process. The specimens were soaked in 0.5% methylene blue dye before being cut into mesiodistal sections to assess microleakage at the gingival margin. After that, the parts were examined under a stereomicroscope. The degree of dye penetration was used to determine the score. Results: There was no microleakage in the control group, and the gap between the control and experimental groups was statistically significant (P = 0.017). Conclusion: The glass hybrid restorative device had less gingival microleakage than the resin-based restorative material, indicating that it has a better sealing capacity. Clinical acceptability of glass hybrid restorative systems, on the other hand, must be confirmed with a larger sample size and in vivo trials.