Application of low quality water for irrigation is compulsive in facing water scarcity. Use of a magnetic field is an approach to overcome this challenge. This study examined the impact of magnetic field technology on improving germination under water of different salinity levels. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of saline water levels, i.e. (S1):0.5, (S2):2, (S3):4 and (S4):6 dS/m combined with magnetized technology (with or without) on maize growth. Thus, magnetic treatment was applied by passing the irrigation water through a 1,500 mT magnetic field at 3 litres per minute (lpm) flow rate. Some emergence indices, such as emergence index, emergence rate index (ERI) and mean emergence time, were used to evaluate the germination of maize seed. As for soil properties after plant harvest, the use of magnetically treated irrigation water reduced soil pH but increased soil electrical conductivity and available N and P. ERI increased from 7.6 to 10.2, 9.1 to 11.1, 10.3 to 13.3, and 11.8 to 13.3 when applying the magnetized field for S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively. Overall, the growth parameters of maize were improved by using magnetic technology with saline water, while the opposite trend was shown for increasing salinity without magnetic treatment.
The water driven crop growth model AquaCrop was evaluated for predicting the yield of kharif maize (i.e. maize sown in the monsoon season) under future water availability scenarios. Future climatic data were generated using the climate data generator ClimGen, which was parameterized using 37 years of historical data relating to the study area. The climatic data generated were used first in the CROPWAT model to estimate the irrigation schedule, which was then used in the validated AquaCrop model to predict grain yield for future years. Rainfall estimates generated by ClimGen for 2012 (739 mm) and 2014 (625 mm) resulted in yields of 1600 and 5670 kg/ha, respectively, under rainfed situation during these 2 years with full fertilization levels. This variation may be attributed to the depths of rainfall events and their distribution during the entire growing season in general and sensitive growth stages in particular pertaining to the same sowing date (22 July) in both years. Nonetheless, the use of ClimGen, CROPWAT and AquaCrop models can be standardized as a model-linking protocol to estimate future maize yield and irrigation water requirements for sustainable production and as an adaptation measure to climate change.
Abedinpour M. (2015): Evaluation of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients of maize using weighing lysimeter. Soil & Water Res., 10: 99-104.Weighing lysimeters are used to measure crop evapotranspiration (ETC) during the growing season. A ratio of crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration (ETo) determines a crop coefficient (Kc) value, which is related to a specific crop growth development stage. Determination of Kc is important for estimating crop irrigation requirements using meteorological data from weather stations Keywords: crop coefficient; evapotranspiration; maize; weighing lysimeter Knowledge of maize crop evapotranspiration (ETC) is important in scheduling irrigations, optimizing crop production, and modelling ET and crop growth. The ability to measure, estimate, and predict maize crop ET and water requirements can result in better satisfying the water needs of crops and improving water use efficiency.With increasing demand for water resources from competing sectors, great emphasis has been placed on water use efficiency in irrigated fields (Hatfield et al. 1996), particularly in semiarid environment irrigation projects. Three terms are normally used in describing evaporation and evapotranspiration: (a) free water evaporation (E) is used for the amount of evaporation lost from an open water surface (Peterson et al. 1995), (b) actual evapotranspiration (ETa) describes all the processes by which liquid water at or near the land surface becomes atmospheric water vapour under natural condition (Morton 1983), (c) potential evapotranspiration (ETp) is the water loss that occurs if there is no deficiency of water in the soil for use by vegetation at any time
A field experiment was conducted for determination of crop coefficient (KC) and water stress coefficient (Ks) for wheat crop under different salinity levels, during 2015-2016. Complete randomized block design of five treatments were considered, i.e., 0.51 dS·m -1 (fresh water, FW) as a control treatment and other four saline water treatments (4, 6, 8 and 10 dS·m -1 ), for S 1 , S 2 , S 3 and S 4 with three replications. The results revealed that the water consumed by plants during the different crop growth stages follows the order of FW > S 1 > S 2 > S 3 > S 4 salinity levels. According to the obtained results, the calculated values of KC significantly differed from values released by FAO paper No 56 for the crops. The Ks values clearly differ from one stage to another because the salt accumulation in the root zone causes to reduction of total soil water potential (Ψ t ), therefore, the average values of water stress coefficient (Ks) follows this order; FW(1.0) = S 1 (1.0) > S 2 (1.0) > S 3 (0.93) > S 4 (0.82). Precise data of crop coefficient, which is required for regional scale irrigation management is lacking in developing countries. Thus, the estimated values of crop coefficient under different variables are essential to achieve the best management practice (BMP) in agriculture.
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