Essential (volatile) oils of herbs and their components, products from the secondary metabolism of a plant, have many applications in folk medicine, food flavoring and preservation as well as in the fragrance and pharmaceutical industries. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils have been known for a long time, and a number of investigations have been conducted on their antimicrobial activities using various bacteria, viruses and fungi. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Free radicals, e.g., superoxide ions (O 2 · Ϫ ), hydroxyl radicals (OH · ) and non-free radical compounds, can be responsible for lipid peroxidation (deterioration) in foods [7][8][9] and for various diseases such as malaria, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, heart disease, stroke, arteriosclerosis, diabetes and cancer etc. 10,11) It has been reported that some synthetic antioxidant compounds such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, commonly used in processed foods, have side effects. 12,13) Therefore, investigations on identifying the natural antioxidants have become very important issue. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] In this study, the leaves of Syrian oreganum (Origanum syriacum L.) were screened for their antioxidant activity as well as antimicrobial properties and chemical composition.O. syriacum is native to the eastern Mediterranean, southern Europe and western Asia, and is cultivated in many parts of the world and commonly called Syrian oreganum, bible hyssop or wild marjoram. The descriptions of O. syriacum are as follows: Subshrub to 90 cm, hirsute-tomentose. Branches to 10 pairs per stem, to 10 a lenght of cm. Leaves petiolate or subsessile (petiole to 8 mm), ovate, 5-35ϫ4-23 mm, acute or obtuse, entire or remotely serrulate or crenulate, veins raised on lower surface. Spicules in paniculate inflorescence, c. 5-25ϫ4 mm. Bracts obovate or elliptic, 2-5ϫ1.5-3.5 mm, acute or obtuse, entire or denticulate. Calyx c. 2.5 mm. Corolla 4.5-7.5 mm. Fl. 5-10. Calcareous rocks and slopes, often in partial shade, 200-2700 m. 22)The leaves of O. syriacum, a very popular Arab spice, have been used as an herbal (traditional) medicine, flavour, fragrance and for aromatherapy in the form of bath, massage, steam inhalation, and vapurization. 23,24) It is used in teas and cooked or baked foods. It has a strong oregano flavor and also is thought to be the "Hyssop" mentioned in the Bible and to have powers of spiritual purification.The essential oils from the leaves of Syrian oreganum reportedly have ovicidal, 25) bioherbicidal, 24) insecticidal, 26,27) antifungal 28) and antimycotic activities.29) The present study was undertaken to verify the chemical composition, antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activities of these oils from leaves of this plant growing in maquis in the southern part of Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODSIn this study, the leaves of Syrian oreganum [Origanum syriacum L. Science, Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan. Received June 19, 2003; accepted August 5, 200...
The essential oil from the gum of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae)) grown in Turkey was obtained by the hydro-distillation method, and its chemical composition was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Moreover, the antimicrobial activities of the oil against the growth of 13 bacteria and 3 pathogenic yeasts were evaluated using the agar-disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The results showed that the essential oil contained about 89.67% monoterpenes, 8.1% oxygenated monoterpenes and 1.2% diterpenes. alpha-Pinene (75.6%), beta-pinene (9.5%), trans-verbenol (3.0%), camphene (1.4%), trans-pinocarveol (about 1.20%), and limonene (1.0%) were the major components. The antimicrobial results showed that the oil inhibited nine bacteria and all the yeasts studied, and the activities were considerably dependent upon concentration and its bioactive compounds such as carvacrol, camphene, and limonene. Moreover, the essential oil of the gum was found to be more effective yeastcide than Nystatin, synthetic yeastcide. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities of the oil were lower than those of standard antibiotics, ampicillin sodium, and streptomycine sulfate under the conditions studied.
The antimicrobial activities of valex (the extract of valonia), the extracts of mimosa bark, gallnut powders, Salvia aucheri Bentham var. aucheri and Phlomis bourgei Boiss were studied. The antimicrobial activity of the above plants was evaluated by the disk diffusion method using Bacillus brevis FMC 3, Bacillus subtilis IMG 22, Bacillus cereus EÜ, Escherichia coli DM,
The antimicrobial activity of essential oils isolated from nine Abies species (Abies koreana Wills, A. alba Mill., A pinsapo Boiss.. A. concolor (Gord. et Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr., A. firma Sieb. et Zucc. (all of these exotic for Turkey), A. nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach. subsp nordmanniana which are plantation forms; and A. cilicica (Ant. et Kotschy.) Carr. subsp. cilicica, A. cilicica (Ant. et Kotschy.) Cam. subsp. isaurica Coode et Cullen, A. nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach. subsp. bornmiielleriana Mattf. which are natural forms against nine bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. brevis, Pseudomom aeruginosa, Listeria monocyrogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiaeand Candida albicans) have been investigated using a disc diffusion method. The results suggested that the essential oils tested for antimicrobial activity can be classified into three groups according to the strength of their antimicrobial activities. The first group of essential oils of A. pinsapo and A. concolor does not have any antimicrobial activity, the second group of essential oils, isolated from A. alba and A. fim, had a modest activity. The third group, which consisted of A. koreana, A. cilicica subsp. cilicica, A. cilicica subsp. isaurico, A. nordmanniana subsp. nordmanniana and A. nordmanniana subsp. bornmiielleriana essential oils, had the highest antimicrobial activity against the bacteria and yeast species tested. Surprisingly, it was found that most of the essential oils used in this study had little effect on the growth of E. coli. The essential oils of the nine Abies species tested for antimicrobial activity were more active against yeast species than against bacteria, and the antimicrobial activity of essential oils was variable, depending on the bacterial strains and the source of the essential oil. KEY WORDS Abies alba Mill.; A. koreana Wills.; A. firma Sieb. et Zucc.; A. concolor (Gord. et Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.; A. pirrrupo Boiss; A. cilicica (Ant. et Kotschy.) Carr. subsp. cilicica; A. cilicica (Ant. et Kotschy.) Cam. subsp. isaurica Coode et Cullen; A. nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach. subsp. bornmiielleriana Mattf.; A. nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach. subsp. nordmanniana; essential oils; antimicrobial activity; bacteria; yeasts
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