Fermented foods are among the first processed food products consumed since the development of human civilizations. Food fermentation processes can be categorized by the primary metabolites and microorganisms involved. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a large group of closely related bacteria that have similar properties such as lactic acid production, which is an end product of the fermentation. Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or any technological applications that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the fields of bioengineering and biomedical engineering. Some of the applications were identified in this paper to include biotechnology in food fermentation to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, texture and nutritional value of food. When used regularly, LAB fermented foods boost the immune system and strengthen the body in the fight against pathogenic bacterial infections, bacteriocins produced by LAB may become a potential drug candidate for replacing antibiotics in order to treat multiple drugs resistance pathogens in the future. The modern extension of food/feed fermentation technology consists of processes designed to obtain particular compounds using microbial metabolism as the chemical machinery. Thus, LAB fermentation is not only of a major economic importance, and the starting food materials, but it also promotes human health and increase food/feed production in the world.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are difficult to treat are becoming increasingly common and are causing a global health crisis. molecular mechanism bacterial resistance of antibiotic is, necessary in order to find ways to avoid conditions that promote disobedient pathogens. The objectives of this seminar paper are to review the genetics of molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance and to describe different molecular intrinsic, acquired, circumstantial resistance; genetics of antibiotic resistance and phenotypic drug resistance those specified by mechanisms confer antibiotic resistance. These drug resistance mechanisms allow bacteria that harbor these mechanisms to survive, or even to actively grow, in the presence of a given anti-microbial agent. Furthermore, certain bacterial variants have evolved mechanisms to resist multiple drugs, making such variants recalcitrant to chemotherapy against such bacterial strains that are the causative agents of infection in patients. Knowing the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance is essential for developing new approaches to overcome and prevent drug resistance problems. Studding of development and mechanisms of resistance should be known at an early stage of drug development and strategies to improve the delivery or to enhancing the accessibility of antibiotics to their sites of action should be known.
Plant growth promoting rhizo and endophytic bacteria were isolated from different parts of pepper from south eastern Ethiopia. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGP) are those that may be used to promote plant growth and suppress plant diseases. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize PGPB indigenous to pepper rhizosphere and endophyte bacteria in Ethiopia, and to determine their capacity to suppress Phytophthora capsici in pepper. From a total of 60 isolates, 20 were selected based on their in vitro antagonism activity of phytopathogens and plant growth promoting traits. From the total 60 strains representing, 38 rhizosphere, and 22 endophytic bacteria were identified based on biochemical assays of semi-automated Vitec 2 compact and ten potential bacteria further identified by molecular methods. Results revealed that only one isolate of rhizosphere and three endophytic bacteria showed more than 50% suppression of test pathogens. The isolates were evaluated for their ability to solubilize phosphate, as well as for ammonia, indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, and biofilm production. The selected isolates produced (0.2–93 µg mL− 1) of indole-3-acetic acid, without supplemented with tryptophan, while supplemented with tryptophan it produces (11.23–159 µg mL− 1). The activities of plant growth-promoting were assessed by measuring their effect on the number of lateral roots, root and shoot length of Arabidopsis plants, and germination percentage of pepper plants. Pepper plants grown from seeds that were treated with these PGPB strains showed significantly higher levels of germination, seedling vigor, and growth, compared to non-treated control plants. Since these PGPB inoculants showed multiple characters useful to the host plants, they may be used as an alternative in the production of new, safe, and effective seed treatments as bio-fungicides. Generally, this work exhibits the potential of bacterial isolates to control Phytophthora infection and promote plant growth.
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