Inducing host plant-based systemic resistance is one of the modes of action involved in tri-trophic interactions between host plants, pests and mutualistic microorganisms. Two different types of systemic resistance – systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) – were found to be functional against pathogens and plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, the ability of Trichoderma harzianum isolate T10 and insecticidal active neem powder (NP) to induce systemic resistance in tomato against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica was compared with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) as standard elicitors for SAR and ISR, respectively. Results showed that, when the biotic and abiotic elicitors were applied to the inducer side of a split root plant system, a significant reduction in nematode infection was observed on the responder side. Physiological changes in the tomato plant due to the induction of SAR or ISA by these biotic and abiotic elicitors were further investigated using HPLC. Results demonstrated that T10 significantly increased the accumulation of different metabolites in the shoot of the tomato over the NP, JA and SA elicitors. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that several metabolic, physical and biochemical changes occurred in the shoots of the treated plants with both the biotic and abiotic elicitors. The percentage of membrane leakage (Ml) at nematode-infected tomato roots was significantly high, but the differences in percentage leakage were not significant in other treatments compared to the non-infested control. The best results were recorded with SA, T10 and NP, which gave the lowest MI% compared to the infested plants.
In this study four different plants were used i.e. Moringa, Cabbage, Cassia and Chinaberry at different forms, concentrations and depths. The four plants under study used as chopped leaves as bio-fumigants. Results revealed that moringa at 4%. The lowest effect recorded with cassia 1%. The four plants were used as achopped leaves at 4% at three depths 5, 15, 30 cm against nematodes. Results revealed that the depth of 15 cm the best one in reducing the nematode population. the different four plants used as a leaves powdr at 1,2 and 4% of soil weight. Moringa at 4% the effective one in reducing nematode population. Using seeds powder of moringa and cabbage at different doses 1,2, and 4% of soil weight. Moringa seeds powder at 4% gave the highest effective one on reducing root-knot nematodes. Moringa oil was used to manage rootknot nematodes at different concentrations and different application types. Results showed that soil drench the effective typy in managing the nematode population at 2%. The four plants were used also with three different solvents under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Results showed that moringa ethanol extract was the effective one either in vitro or in vivo. Eleven isolates of bacterial and six of fungal isolates were isolated from cabbage and moringa roots and seeds , identified and evaluated against root-knot nematodes under laboratory and greenhouse conditions .Results found that the all bacterial and fungal isolates appeared effectiveness against egg hatching and larvae mortality in vitro and nematode population in vivo. The integrated pest management carried out by using the effective treatment from each experiment to manage root-knot nematodes under greenhouse conditions. Results found that all treatments reduced all nematode parameters. Trichoderma spp. plus Bacillus cereus appeared a promising in managing root-knot nematodes
Potted experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the College of Agriculture in Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia University, during the 2018 and 2019 seasons, to study the cultivation of (sensitive) tomato plants in a loading system with watercress plants (resistant) in a land contaminated with heavy metals. Treating the soil contaminated with heavy metals by growing voracious plants to absorb these minerals, which are watercress. Study the rate of absorption and transfer of lead and cadmium from soil to watercress plants in mg / kg soil. Study the effect of heavy elements on growth, water relations and chemical content, as well as yield and components of tomato plants. The use of growth promoters such as silicon and seaweed extract and how they affect tomato or watercress plants. Three levels of lead were used, which are 0 (control), 1000 and 2000 mg / kg of soil, and contamination using three levels of cadmium metal, which are 0 (control), 100 and 300 mg / kg of soil, each alone.The characteristics of vegetative growth and some of the physiological and chemical characteristics such as photosynthetic pigments, water relations, total sugars, proline concentration, activity of some enzymes, total protein, plant content of some mineral elements, and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the crop were studied.
Pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture in Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia University, during 2018 and 2019 seasons, to study the cultivation of (sensitive) tomato plants in a loading system with watercress plants (resistant) in a soil contaminated with heavy metals. Three levels of lead were used, which are 0 (control), 1000 and 2000 mg / kg of soil, and three levels of cadmium metal, which are 0 (control), 100 and 300 mg / kg of soil, each alone. Use of growth inducers as nanoparticles silicon and seaweed extract and its affects on tomato or watercress plants under heavy metals stress.The characteristics of vegetative growth and some of the physiological and chemical characteristics such as photosynthetic pigments, water relations, activity of some antioxidant enzymes, Pb and Cd accumulation and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the yield were studied. The soil contamination with lead and cadmium minerals at all levels led to a decrease in all studied parameters. There was an increase in the accumulation of lead and cadmium metal within watercress plants by increasing the concentrations of lead and cadmium in the contaminated soil, and there was a decrease of the heavy metals residual in the polluted soil. Spraying with silicon and seaweed extract on tomato plants increased the vegetative growth characteristics, relative water content, plant pigments, yield and its components for tomato plants. While it led to a decrease in the concentration of the enzymatic activity of peroxidase and phenoloxidase. Also, increased the efficiency of watercress plants' accumulation of heavy metals . From the above, it is cleared that the use of hyperaccumulators plants (watercress) to accumulate heavy metals led to a decrease in the residual of the two heavy metals, lead and cadmium, in the contaminated soil, and this led to a better growth conditions for tomato plants grown in the intercropping system with watercress plants in soil contaminated with lead and cadmium.
Two experiments were carried out in private farm (Khatatba Minufiya Governorate) in winter of field 2016/ 2017and 2017/ 2018 seasons to evaluate the alteration of physiological and biochemical processes as well as yield and its quality of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) grown under chilling stress ((5-10°C at night). The nanobiostimulators used in this study were, NB compound contains (CPPU, BR and proline) used by two concentrations (NB1: 0.5 and NB2: 1.0 ml\ L), nano jasmonic acid (JA1: 5 and JA2: 10 ppm), and finally nano silicon (Si1: 2 and Si2: 3 mM) beside the control plants which sprayed with tap water. The treatments applied as foliar on tomato seedlings grown under low temperature at 45, 60 and 90 day after transplanting. The results were as following:-low temperature caused significant reductions in plant height, fresh and dry weight of leaves and branches as well as leaf area, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzymes (PPO, PO and CAT), also reduced proline content and total sugars. Moreover significant reduction in early and total yield and firmness, TSS and Vit C, meanwhile increased chilling injury index (CI) %. Spraying NB1 and Si1 at low concentration caused a significant reduction in chilling injury index (CI) and increased significantly chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzymes (PPO, PO and CAT), proline content and total sugars. Meanwhile significantly reduced chilling injury index (CI). Moreover, nanobiodtimulators at low concentration caused a good performance for tomato plants with highly early yield (57, 48%) and (43, 40%) for NB1 & Si1 beside total yield (30, 37%) and (20, 23%) for NB1 & Si1, in both seasons respectively, also the same treatments had induction in firmness, TSS and Vit. C compared to the control plants.
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