Background and Objective The correlation between late chronotype and depression has been well documented, but reports from the equatorial area, where the sun shines throughout the year with less seasonal variation, are limited. In the present research study, we sought to 1) examine the relationship between the chronotype and mental health symptoms in an Indonesian student population and 2) explore the characteristics of those who lie at the extreme chronotype and psychometry.Methods This is a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study including undergraduate students in an Indonesian university (n = 493). We used the Munich Chronotype Questionnaires and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale to assess the chronotype and mental symptoms, respectively. Following this, a follow-up with an in-depth interview on the selected population at the extreme end of the chronotype was performed as an exploratory approach to identify their common characteristics.Results Among the tested parameters, the depression score was significantly associated with chronotype (p = 0.003), replicating previous findings from other areas with higher latitudes. The correlation persisted when males and females were analyzed separately (p = 0.008 and 0.037, respectively). A follow-up qualitative analysis revealed a potential subclinical, unrealized depression among the subjects; our findings revealed the use of smartphones during or before bedtime as a common factor among those with later chronotypes.Conclusions There is a correlation between depression score and chronotype among Indonesian college students, where subjects with later chronotype are more likely to have a higher depression score.
Introduction: The invasion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a freshwater weed, has been an unsolved problem in many lakes around the world, including in Tondano lake, Indonesia. Since the 2000s, many efforts to eliminate it have turned unsuccessful and uneconomical. Here, we aim to provide a solution and perform a systematic study to utilize water hyacinth as an organic fertilizer for application to local crops, the Manado strain yellow maize. Methods: Water hyacinth was manually harvested and fermented using an effective microbial fermentation for one month. The resulting compost was analyzed chemically and applied to bedding groups of maize at increasing doses: 0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 grams per plant. All beddings were made in triplicate, consisting of 8-10 plants per repeat. At 2 and 12 weeks post plantation, a series of measurements of plant height, leaf length, and leaf width was performed. Data were analyzed using one- or two-way ANOVA. Results: The application of water hyacinth organic fertilizer had readily shown beneficial effects on vegetative growth at 2 weeks of age in terms of plant height, leaves length and leaves width at the dose of 200 and 250 grams of fertilizer per plant. This effect persisted up to 12 weeks of age in terms of plant height, but not in leaves length or width. Conclusion: The application of water hyacinth organic fertilizer is able to increase the vegetative growth of the local Manado strain of yellow maize at the dose of 200 grams per plant.
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