High resolution rotational Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy has been widely applied to the studies of numerous polar gas phase molecules, in particular volatile organic compounds (VOCs). During the storage of foodstuffs packed under a protective atmosphere, microbial activity will lead to the generation of a complex mixture of trace gases that could be used as food spoilage indicators. Here we have demonstrated that the THz instrumentation presently available provides sufficient sensitivity and selectivity to monitor the generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the headspace of packed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillet portions. A comprehensive comparison was made by selective-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) in order to validate the THz measurements and protocol. The detectivity of a range of alternative compounds for this application is also provided, based on the experimental detection limit observed and molecular spectroscopic properties. Molecules like ethanol, methyl mercaptan and ammonia are suitable indicators with the presently available sensitivity levels, while dimethyl sulfide, acetone and butanone may be considered with a sensitivity improvement of 2 orders of magnitude.
The combination of electronic sources operating at high frequencies and modern microwave instrumentation has enabled the recent development of chirped-pulse spectrometers for the millimetre and THz bands. This type of instrument can operate at high resolution which is particularly suited to gas phase rotational spectroscopy. The construction of a chirped pulse spectrometer operating at 200 GHz is described in detail while attention is paid to the phase stability and the data accumulation over many cycles. Validation using carbonyl sulphide has allowed the detection limit of the instrument to be established as function of the accumulation. A large number of OCS transitions were identified using a 10 GHz chirped pulse and include the 6 most abundant isotopologues, the weakest line corresponding to the fundamental R(17) transition of 16 O 13 C 33 S with a line strength of 4.3 x 10 -26 cm -1 /(molec.cm -2 ). The linearity of the system response for different degrees of data accumulation and transition line strength was confirmed over 4 orders of magnitudes. A simple analysis of the time domain data was demonstrated to provide the line broadening coefficient without the need for conversion by a Fourier transform. Finally, the pulse duration is discussed and optimal values are given for both Doppler limited and collisional regimes.
This research investigates the effect of inter organisational collaboration on ambidextrous innovation, in Tunisian virtual companies, and the moderating role of e-leadership. To achieve the purpose, a quantitative study was conducted on 217 virtual team members. The data analysis was conducted via the structural equation modelling method. The empirical study revealed that customer, competitor and supplier coordination have a significant impact on exploitation innovation. The results also confirm that customer coordination has an effect on exploration innovation. By the way, the coordination effect with competitors and suppliers on exploration innovation is not significant. The e-leadership moderation is confirmed on verified links. The research path revealed a scarcity of research done on the relations between the variables study. The mediating effects of the e-leadership on the dependent and independent variables have never been explored earlier. The study makes an original contribution to the field of knowledge for practitioners and academicians.
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