Introduction: The current study aimed to explore the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and dermatoprotective properties of lemon peel essential oil (EO). Methods: The chemical composition of lemon EOs extracted from the lemon of three cities in Morocco was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antioxidant property was estimated by two complementary tests: Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the inhibition of albumin denaturation and proteinase. Inhibitory properties of α-glucosidase and α-amylase were used to reveal the antidiabetic activity of lemon peel EOs. Dermatoprotective property was evaluated by the tyrosinase inhibition method. Results: In addition to high amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids, GC-MS analysis of lemon peel EOs demonstrated the presence of D-limonene, β–pinene, and γ-terpinene as the main compounds in the three samples studied. Lemon peel EOs exhibited significant antioxidant activities by IC50 values ranging from 40.57 µg/mL to 100.22 µg/mL and 113.63 µg/mL to 180.90 µg/mL obtained by DPPH and FRAP tests, respectively. in vitro inhibition of enzymes involved in inflammatory response revealed that lemon peel EOs presented remarkable inhibitory activities against albumin denaturation (230.48 µg/mL>IC50<341.13 µg/mL) and proteinase (199.70 µg/mL>IC50<307.05 µg/mL). Moreover, lemon peel EOs demonstrated powerful inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase with various IC50 values (1689.06 µg/ mL>IC50>4000 µg/mL and 1021.58 µg/mL>C50<2467.62 µg/mL), respectively. These EOs also revealed significant inhibition of tyrosinase with IC50 values ranging from 248.42 μg/ mL to 378.02 μg/mL. Conclusion: These results revealed that lemon peel EOs might constitute a new product with beneficial biological abilities against the mentioned complications.
Introduction: The present work aims to assess if insulin combined with phenolic fraction concentrates (PFCs) prevents diabetes-related cognitive impairments by controlling neuroinflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS). Methods: Directly after confirming the hyperglycemia, diabetic animals were treated with insulin combined with PFC and were exposed to 2 stressors/day for 12 weeks. Then, four cognitive tests were carried out to assess learning and memory performances. Finally, the rats were anesthetized, blood samples were collected for corticosterone and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) analysis, and the brain regions viz. striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal-cortex of each hemisphere were dissected out for TNF-α analysis. Results: Both diabetes and stress could induce learning and memory impairments, which were more prominent in stressed diabetic animals, and significantly reversed by insulin treatment supplemented with PFC compared to the insulin monotherapy. Moreover, diabetic rats exposed to CMS displayed disturbances in glucose homeostasis as well as corticosterone secretion. These dysfunctions were linked to the significant increase of TNF-α in the blood as well as in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Insulin significantly ameliorated this inflammatory abnormality, while the supplemented treatment showed a significant effect, by stabilizing TNF-α to its normal levels in the hippocampus and in the blood when compared to insulin monotherapy. Conclusion: Insulin supplemented with PFC has a favorable effect over insulin alone on inflammatory aberrations linked with type 1 diabetes and stress in animals, confirming the preference of the combined treatment over insulin for the management of cognitive impairment in stressed diabetic subjects.
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