BackgroundMycobacterium avium is an environmental mycobacterium that can be divided into the subspecies avium, hominissuis, paratuberculosis and silvaticum. Some M. avium subspecies are opportunistic pathogens for animals and humans. They are ubiquitous in nature and can be isolated from natural sources of water, soil, plants and bedding material. Isolates of M. avium originating from humans (n = 37), pigs (n = 51) and wild birds (n = 10) in Norway were examined by IS1245 and IS1311 RFLP using new and specific probes and for the presence of IS901 and ISMpa1 by PCR. Analysis and generation of a dendrogram were performed with the software BioNumerics.ResultsIS1311 RFLP provided clear results that were easy to interpret, while IS1245 RFLP generated more complex patterns with a higher discriminatory power. The combination of the two methods gave additional discrimination between isolates. All avian isolates except one were M. avium subsp. avium with two copies of IS1311 and one copy of IS1245, while the isolates of human and porcine origin belonged to M. avium subsp.hominissuis. The isolates from human patients were distributed randomly among the clusters of porcine isolates. There were few identical isolates. However, one isolate from a human patient was identical to a porcine isolate. Regional differences were detected among the porcine isolates, while there was no clustering of human isolates according to type of clinical symptoms or geographical location of the patient's home addresses.ConclusionThe results demonstrate that a wide range of M. avium subsp.hominissuis are present in pigs and humans in Norway, and that some of these isolates are very similar. It remains to be determined whether humans are infected from pigs or if they are infected from common environmental sources.
We demonstrated that IS1245 is not present in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by restriction fragment length polymorphism and that the designated three-banded bird pattern of IS1245 in M. avium subsp. avium consists of one copy of IS1245 and two copies of IS1311. Cross hybridization between the two elements can be avoided by using more specific probes.The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) comprises a heterogeneous group of slow-growing, acid-fast bacilli that are divided into the two species Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare (20). MAC organisms are ubiquitous in nature and can cause various diseases in animals and humans (8). M. avium subsp. avium can cause disease in different animal species such as poultry and swine and has been an increasingly important pathogen for humans because of the AIDS epidemic (6,8). The bacteria can also cause pulmonary infections in patients without AIDS and cervical lymphadenitis in children (6). M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis in ruminants and has been suggested as the etiologic agent of Crohn's disease (3, 10).Different insertion sequences present in the MAC have been used for identification and strain differentiation. IS1245 has been used for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of M. avium subsp. avium by the proposed standardized method of van Soolingen et al. (18). The 1,414-bp-long element was initially found to be present in M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and M. avium subsp. silvaticum by PCR amplification of a 427-bp target sequence (7) and has also been found in some other mycobacteria (9). A closely related IS element is IS1311, which shows 85% sequence identity with IS1245 at the DNA level (9,16,17). The element is present in M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (21) and has been detected in strains of M. intracellulare, Mycobacterium malmoense, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (9). There is, however, considerably discrepancy in the literature about the presence and the copy number of IS1245 and IS1311 in the M. avium subspecies (4, 7, 16). The close relationship between the two elements makes cross hybridization a possible explanation for this dissention.The objective of this study was to clarify some of the discrepancy in the literature by examining strains of M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis for the presence of IS1245 and IS1311. A method for standardization of IS1245 RFLP has been proposed (18). However, the suggested 427-bp IS1245 probe (long IS1245 probe) has an identity of 82% (National Center for Biotechnology Information BLAST; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/BLAST.cgi) with IS1311 on the DNA level. We therefore designed probes from the 5Ј end of each insertion element, where there is a lower homology of 75% between the two elements in order to reduce the possibility for cross hybridization. The primers with the location of the probes are described in Table 1.The short IS1245 probe (175 bp) and the IS1311 probe (198 bp) we...
The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) plays a critical role in stress, immune, and inflammatory responses, and the modulation of its activity can be a potentially effective preventive strategy for controlling certain diseases. Cereal grains contain phenolic compounds in concentrations comparable to those in fruits and vegetables, well-known for their beneficial effect on human health. In this study we aimed to examine the effect of different phenolic extracts from barley, oat, wheat, and buckwheat on the modulation of basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-kappaB activity and elucidate the role of phenolic acids in this modulation. Three extracts were prepared: extracts of free phenolic compounds (M1), extracts of free phenolic acids (M2), and extracts of bound phenolic acids (HY). Generally, extracts M2 showed the highest effect on modulation of NF-kappaB activity with strong inhibition of LPS-induced NF-kappaB activity at all concentrations and of the basal NF-kappaB activity at concentrations equal to or lower than 3 mg/mL. Most of extracts M1 and HY slightly increased both the basal and the LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation. However, at the highest concentrations (3 or 15 mg/mL) extracts HY inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation. Similar experiments with standard solutions of phenolic acids indicated their ability to modulate the NF-kappaB activity.
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