This paper analyzes whether teachers' attention to boys and girls differs in low-performing schools in Chile, where large gender gaps in test scores are also observed. We coded 237 videotaped classes of fourth graders, identifying specific behaviors of teachers toward boys and girls. The results show a general imbalance in teachers' attention and interactions favoring boys. Gender attention gap is correlated with lower scores in math for girls on Chile's national standardized test (SIMCE). The gender attention gap was also greater in general in classrooms in which teachers had overall worse interactions with students, as measured by the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS). The evidence in this paper contributes to the discussion about whether traditional measures of teacher-student interactions really capture all that matters for learning.
Uruguay has increased it preschool enrollment, reaching almost universal coverage among four- and five-year-olds. However, more than a third of children enrolled in preschool programs have insufficient attendance, with absenteeism higher in schools in lower socioeconomic areas and among younger preschool children. This paper presents the results of a behavioral intervention to increase preschool attendance nationwide. Most previous experiments using behavioral sciences have looked at the impact of nudging parents on attendance and learning for school-age children; this is the first experiment looking at both attendance and child development for preschool children. It is also the first behavioral intervention to use a government mobile app to send messages to parents of preschool children. The intervention had no average treatment effect on attendance, but results ranged widely across groups. Attendance by children in the 25th 75th percentiles of absenteeism rose by 0.320.68 days over the course of the 13-week intervention, and attendance among children in remote areas increased by 1.48 days. Among all children in the study, the intervention also increased language development by 0.10 standard deviations, an impact similar to that of very labor-intensive programs, such as home visits. The intervention had stronger effects on children in the remote provinces of Uruguay, increasing various domains of child development by about 0.33 to 0.37 standard deviations. Behavioral interventions seeking to reduce absenteeism and raise test scores usually nudge parents on both the importance of attendance and ways to improve child development. In this experiment, the nudges focused only on absenteeism but had an effect on both.
The fi nding, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily refl ect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank or IDB, all of which are specifi cally reserved.
A Bélgica tem a peculiaridade de ser o único Estado-membro da UE a ter introduzido cotas em sua legislação. O tipo de cota que foi implementada prioriza o número, sem dar atenção a como candidatos masculinos e femininos estão posicionados nas listas dos partidos. Neste artigo, a autora examina a evolução do número de mulheres no Parlamento belga ao longo do tempo. Fazem-se comparações dentro dos partidos e entre eles, antes e depois da lei sobre cotas. A análise mostra que, em larga medida, o efeito das cotas depende da vontade dos partidos de obter mais representantes do sexo feminino. Assim, se o principal objetivo de uma legislação sobre cotas é impor uma estrutura de gênero equilibrada na assembléia de representantes, a legislação precisa considerar as posições dos homens e das mulheres nas listas.
Belgium has the particularity of being the only EU Member State to have introduced quotas to its legislation. The type of quota which has been implemented is prioritizing the number, without paying attention to how male and female candidates are positioned on the parties' lists. In the article the author examines the evolution of the number of women in Belgian Parliament across time. Comparisons are made within and between parties, before and after the law about quotas. The analysis shows that the effect of quotas to a large degree is dependent on the will of parties to obtain more female representatives. Thus, if the major aim of a legislation on quotas is to impose a balanced gender structure in the representatives' assembly, the legislation ought to consider men's and women's positions on the lists
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