An annotated check-list of the aquatic and semi-aquatic bugs of the infraorders Enicocephalomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha, and Leptopodomorpha of Turkey and its geographical parts (Turkish Thrace [i.e., European Turkey] and Anatolia [i.e., the Asian Turkey]) is presented. The nomenclatoric history of Alpagut Kıyak, 1995 (= Harpago Linnavuori, 1951, = Raunocoris Baena & Alonso-Zarazaga, 2009) is reviewed, its gender is fixed, and two new combinations are proposed: Alpagut maroccanus (Wagner, 1960) comb. nov., and Alpagut medius (Rey, 1888) comb. nov. The list is based on a survey of all published records as well as on examination of collection material, including recent material collected in the poorly explored Turkish Thrace. The following numbers of species are accepted as occurring in Turkey: Enicocephalomorpha—1 species (Asian Turkey only), Dipsocoromorpha—2 species (Asian Turkey only), Nepomorpha—49 species (29 in European and 47 in Asian Turkey), Gerromorpha—27 species (10 in European and 25 in Asian Turkey), and Leptopodomorpha—21 species (6 in European and 20 in Asian Turkey). Forty species are known from both European and Asian Turkey, whereas 5 are recorded only from European Turkey and 55 only from Asian Turkey. Eight species and subspecies, Micronecta scholtzi (Fieber, 1860), Hesperocorixa sahlbergi (Fieber, 1848), Sigara iranica Lindberg, 1964, Hebrus ruficeps Thomson, 1871, Velia affinis filippii Tamanini, 1947, Velia rhadamantha rhadamantha Hoberlandt, 1941, Gerris kabaishanus Linnavuori, 1998, and Saldula pilosella pilosella (Thomson, 1871), are reported from Turkey for the first time; and four species, Sigara scripta (Rambur, 1840), Corixa punctata (Illiger, 1807), C. panzeri (Fieber, 1848), and Gerris argentatus Schummel, 1832, are new records for Turkish Thrace. First exact localities of several other species are provided as well. Three species, Sigara kervillei (Poisson, 1927), Microvelia hozari Hoberlandt, 1952, and Velia mariae Tamanini, 1971, seem to be endemic to Anatolia; 22 species occur only in Turkey and the adjacent regions (Balkan Peninsula, Cyprus, Near East, Iran, and Transcaucasia). The 75 remaining species have a wider distribution. Occurrences of 10 species, previously recorded from Turkey, need further confirmation. Finally, 19 species-group taxa are excluded from Turkish fauna as they are based on proven or suspected misidentifications or taxonomic confusion: Micronecta minutissima (Linnaeus, 1758), Cymatia bonsdorffii (C. R. Sahlberg, 1819), Arctocorisa carinata carinata (C. R. Sahlberg, 1819), Callicorixa praeusta praeusta (Fieber, 1848), Hesperocorixa castanea (Thomson, 1869), Hesperocorixa occulta (Lundblad, 1929), Sigara hoggarica Poisson, 1929, Sigara scotti (Douglas & Scott, 1868), Heleocoris minusculus (Walker, 1870), Anisops debilis canariensis Noualhier, 1893, Velia caprai caprai Tamanini, 1947, Aquarius najas (De Geer, 1773), Gerris costae costae (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850), G. gibbifer Schummel, 1832, G. lateralis Schummel, 1832, Saldula fucicola (Sahlberg, 1870), S. pilosella hirsuta (Reuter, 1888), Salda morio Zetterstedt, 1838, and S. muelleri (Gmelin, 1790). In addition, first records of Aquarius ventralis (Fieber, 1860) from Syria, and Saldula melanoscela (Fieber, 1859) and Leptopus marmoratus (Goeze, 1778) from Lebanon, are provided. The previously published records of Rhagovelia nigricans nigricans (Burmeister, 1835) from Cyprus and Israel (Hoberlandt 1952b) belong to R. infernalis africana Lundblad, 1936.

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The Heteroptera (Hemiptera) fauna of the Palaearctic Region is represented by 9365 species belonging to 1632 genera of which 1349 species belonging to 469 genera are also recorded from Turkey. Type localities of 237 species are in Turkey of which 108 species and 4 subspecies are endemic for the Heteroptera fauna of Turkey, indicating the importance of the country as a refugium, genetic hotspot and dispersal centre during pleistocene glaciation. Some heteroptera are important in agriculture as predators used in biological control or as ectoparasits and pests on plants. Most heteropteran species are phytophagous feeding on leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds and shoots and cause economic damage. The suborder Heteroptera comprises aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial species.

In this study, all the so far manuscripts on Tingidae fauna in Turkey has been revised and adults samples from the family Tingidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) were collected from different localities in Anatolia and Thrace of Turkey and an annotated checklist of Tingidae occurring is presented. As a results of this study, of Tingidae fauna from Turkey stated that it consists of 78 species has revealed that the number of species is 88 species and 1 subspecies. Nine species and subspecies, Catoplatus horvathi (Puton, 1878), Copium clavicorne clavicorne (Linnaeus, 1758), Derephysia foliacea foliacea (Fallén, 1807), Dictyla nassata (Puton, 1874), Dictyla rotundata (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835), Dictyonota strichnocera Fieber, 1844, Lasiacantha capucina capucina (Germar, 1837) Stephanitis oschanini Vasiliev, 1935 and Tingis geniculata (Fieber, 1844) are new records for the fauna of Turkish Thrace (European part of Turkey) and of those, S. oschanini is recorded for the first time from Europe. The specimen Dictyonata astragali Štusák & Önder, 1982 type locality in Turkey has been mentioned second locality from Merzifon (Amasya).

Many aquatic insect species, including aquatic Hemiptera, are parasitized by water mite larvae. Although this situation may cause damaging impacts to the hosts, the mites can disperse and colonize new localities in this way. Little is known about the frequency of water mite ectoparasitism amongst the aquatic Hemiptera in Turkey. In this study, larval water mite parasitism on aquatic Hemiptera, which have been collected from different localities in Turkish Thrace, was evaluated. It was found that only nine individuals, belonging two different species in a total of 367 hemipteran specimens, were parasitized by larval water mites. Furthermore, variations in sizes and shapes of the mites on the waterscorpion Ranatra linearis Linne, 1758 and Nepa cinerea Linne, 1758 were determined. These are the first records for larval mite parasitism on R. linearis and N. cinerea in Turkish Thrace.

In this study, an up-to-date list of Pentatomidae family, one of the large families of Heteroptera suborder, in Turkey with the latest taxonomic developments is presented. As a result of the literature review, 61 genera and 174 species/subspecies (2 species only in European Turkey, 97 species only in Asian Turkey) belonging to 4 subfamilies and 13 tribes from the Turkish Pentatomidae fauna were determined. Distribution of the species by subfamilies: 14 species of Asopinae (10 in European and 13 in Asian Turkey), 125 species of Pentatominae (57 in European and 125 in Asian Turkey), Phyllocephalinae 1 species (only in Asian Turkey) and 34 species Podopinae (10 in European and 33 in Asian Turkey). The distributions of these species in Turkey (in European and Asian Turkey), Palaearctic distributions and changes in their taxonomic positions are given. In addition, additional records for 53 species, mainly from the Thrace Region, were given from various localities in Thrace and Anatolia. Pentatoma rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758) is first record for the Thrace Region. Four species, which were given in 19. century without a specific locality record, need to be verified. Two species were excluded from the Turkey list.

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Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) has been reported as the most important predator of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari, Tetranychidae) in apple culture. However, biological data on T. pyri was insufficient on important parameters like seasonal population dynamics and within-tree and on-leaf distribution in apple orchards in the region of Meckenheim, Germany. The purpose of the present work was, therefore, to obtain experimental data on these parameters of T. pyri from 2000 to 2002 in the apple orchards in this region. The results showed that overwintered females of T. pyri reactivate and start laying eggs between late March and early April. The mean daily number of the different stages of T. pyri per leaf peaked in July each year, where it ranged between 0.92-1.68 eggs, 0.81-1.41 nymphs, 0.64-1.32 females and 0.37-0.52 males. A significantly higher number of T. pyri individuals congregated in the bottom layer of trees (0.34-0.64 individuals/leaf) than in the middle and top layers (0.23-0.38 and 0.12-0.23 individuals/leaf, respectively). We found that 91.4-94.1% of the total eggs, 89.6-91.7% larvae, 73.0-76.5% nymphs, 60.5-64.6% adult females and 52.6-55.9% adult males concentrated their activities in the inner area of the leaf surface. More than 50% of the predatory mites congregated in the bottom layer in winter. Mean total density of the over-