13The new decade of the 21 st century (2020) started with the emergence of novel 14 coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 that caused an epidemic of coronavirus disease in Wuhan, China. It is the third highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus after severe 16 acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome 17 coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in humans. The source of origin, transmission to humans and 18 mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 are not clear yet, however, its 19 resemblance with SARS-CoV and several other bat coronaviruses was recently confirmed 20 through genome sequencing related studies. The development of therapeutic strategies is 21 necessary in order to prevent further epidemics and cure infected people. In this Review, we 22 summarize current information about the emergence, origin, diversity, and epidemiology of three 23 pathogenic coronaviruses with a specific focus on the current outbreak in Wuhan, China. 24 Furthermore, we discuss the clinical features and potential therapeutic options that may be 25 effective against SARS-CoV-2. 26

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Inflammation of the nervous system (neuroinflammation) is now recognized as a hallmark of virtually all neurological disorders. In neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, there is prominent infiltration and a long-lasting representation of various leukocyte subsets in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Even in classic neurodegenerative disorders, where such immense inflammatory infiltrates are absent, there is still evidence of activated CNS-intrinsic microglia. The consequences of excessive and uncontrolled neuroinflammation are injury and death to neural elements, which manifest as a heterogeneous set of neurological symptoms. However, it is now readily acknowledged, due to instructive studies from the peripheral nervous system and a large body of CNS literature, that aspects of the neuroinflammatory response can be beneficial for CNS outcomes. The recognized benefits of inflammation to the CNS include the preservation of CNS constituents (neuroprotection), the proliferation and maturation of various neural precursor populations, axonal regeneration, and the reformation of myelin on denuded axons. Herein, we highlight the benefits of neuroinflammation in fostering CNS recovery after neural injury using examples from multiple sclerosis, traumatic spinal cord injury, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. We focus on CNS regenerative responses, such as neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, and remyelination, and discuss the mechanisms by which neuroinflammation is proregenerative for the CNS. Finally, we highlight treatment strategies that harness the benefits of neuroinflammation for CNS regenerative responses.