Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of protonated N-benzylindoline and its derivatives was investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Elimination of benzene was observed besides hydride transfer and electron transfer reactions. D-labeling experiments and accurate mass determinations of the product ions confirm that the external proton is retained in the fragment ion, and the elimination reaction was proposed to be initiated by benzyl cation transfer rather than proton transfer. Benzyl cation transfer from the nitrogen atom to one of the sp(2)-hybridized carbon atoms in the indoline core is the key step, and subsequent proton transfer reaction leads to the elimination of benzene. Density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations were performed and the computational results also support the benzyl cation/proton transfer mechanism. Figure ᅟ
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive analytical tool for the separation of complex samples due to its enhanced selectivity, peak capacity, and resolution compared with one-dimensional liquid chromatography. Recently, more attention has been drawn on the application of this separation technique in studies concerning traditional Chinese medicines, metabonomes, proteomes, and other complex mixtures. In this review, we aim to examine the application of two-dimensional liquid chromatography in traditional Chinese medicine analysis and metabonomic investigation. The classification and evaluation indexes were first introduced. Then, various switching methods were summarized when used in an on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography system. Finally, the applications of this separation technique in traditional Chinese medicine analysis and metabonomic investigation were discussed on the basis of specific studies.
Modified ammonium lignosulfonate (MAL) and polyethylenimine (PEI) were combined and used as a binder in the manufacture of a woodbased green composite. The effects of hot pressing temperature (150 ºC to 190 ºC), hot pressing time (3 min to 11 min), binder content (10 wt.% to 30 wt.%), and MAL/PEI weight ratio (1:1 to 1:9) on the physicomechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The composites met the mechanical property requirements for furniture grade medium density fiberboard (MDF-FN REG) under the following parameters: hot pressing temperature of 170 ºC, hot pressing time of 7 min, binder content of 20 wt.%, and MAL/PEI weight ratio of 7:1. Under optimum processing, although the X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the addition of either unmodified ammonium lignosulfonate (UMAL) or MAL did not change the crystalline structure, this addition markedly improved the relative crystallinity of the composites in comparison to that of pure wood fiber. The DMA results indicated that the MAL/PEI composites had higher storage modulus and tanδ values than did the UMAL/PEI composites. Moreover, SEM analysis showed that the MAL/PEI composites had better bonding strength characteristics than did the UMAL/PEI composites.
Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide that is widely present in all life domains. It has been identified in many bacterial species and functions as an important energy storage compound. In addition, it plays important roles in bacterial transmission, pathogenicity, and environmental viability. There are five essential enzymes (coding genes) directly involved in bacterial glycogen metabolism, which forms a single operon glgBXCAP with a suboperonic promoter in glgC gene in Escherichia coli. Currently, there is no comparative study of how the disruptions of the five glycogen metabolism genes influence bacterial phenotypes, such as growth rate, biofilm formation, and environmental survival, etc. In this study, we systematically and comparatively studied five E. coli single-gene mutants (glgC, glgA, glgB, glgP, glgX) in terms of glycogen metabolism and explored their phenotype changes with a focus on environmental stress endurance, such as nutrient deprivation, low temperature, desiccation, and oxidation, etc. Biofilm formation in wild-type and mutant strains was also compared. E. coli wild-type stores the highest glycogen content after around 20-h culture while disruption of degradation genes (glgP, glgX) leads to continuous accumulation of glycogen. However, glycogen primary structure was abnormally changed in glgP and glgX. Meanwhile, increased accumulation of glycogen facilitates the growth of E. coli mutants but reduces glucose consumption in liquid culture and vice versa. Glycogen metabolism disruption also significantly and consistently increases biofilm formation in all the mutants. As for environmental stress endurance, glycogen over-accumulating mutants have enhanced starvation viability and reduced desiccation viability while all mutants showed decreased survival rate at low temperature. No consistent results were found for oxidative stress resistance in terms of glycogen metabolism disruptions, though glgA shows highest resistance toward
5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-mdC), 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-hmdC), 5-methylcytidine (5-mrC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytidine (5-hmrC) are epigenetic marks of DNA and RNA, and aberrant levels of these modified nucleosides were found to be associated with various cancers. Urine is a preferred source of biological fluid for biomarker discovery because the sample collection process is not invasive to patients. Herein, we developed a novel malic acid-enhanced hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method for sensitive and simultaneous quantification of the modified cytosine nucleosides in human urine. Malic acid markedly increased the detection sensitivities of all four cytosine nucleosides, with the limits of detection (LODs) for 5-mdC, 5-hmdC, 5-mrC and 5-hmrC being 0.025, 0.025, 0.025 and 0.050 fmol, respectively. By using this method, we demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of 5-hmrC in human urine, and we successfully quantified 5-mdC, 5-hmdC, 5-mrC and 5-hmrC in urine samples collected from 90 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 90 healthy controls. We found that the levels of 5-mdC, 5-hmdC, 5-mrC and 5-hmrC in urine were all substantially decreased in CRC patients, suggesting that these modified nucleosides might have great potential to be noninvasive biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of CRC. Together, we established a novel and sensitive method for detecting 5-methylated and 5-hydroxymethylated cytosine nucleosides in human urine and the results from this study may stimulate future investigations about the regulatory roles of these cytosine derivatives in the initiation and development of CRC.
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