This paper aims to determine suitable SARIMA models to forecast the monthly outbound tourism departures of three major destinations from Taiwan to Hong Kong, Japan and the USA, respectively. The HEGY test is used to identify the deterministic seasonality in the data. The mean absolute per cent error (MAPE) is used to measure forecast accuracy. A low MAPE demonstrates the adequacy of the fitted SARIMA models. The results indicate that all series with first non-seasonal difference are needed to obtain the deterministic trend in outbound tourism series in Taiwan.
The
bonding performance of a glycerol phosphate dimethacrylate
(GPDM)-based, two-step, self-etch (SE) adhesive was experimentally
compared to that of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-based
universal adhesives in different application modes for enamel bonding.
Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) for adhesives bonded to enamel
was measured initially (24 h water storage) and after 10 000
thermocycles plus water storage for 30 days. A GPDM-based, two-bottle,
two-step, self-etch adhesive (Optibond Versa, OV) and three one-bottle
MDP-based universal adhesives, one self-etching (Tetric N Bond Universal,
TNBU) and two with etch-and-rinse (E&R) processing (Single Bond
Universal (SBU); Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CUBQ)), were tested.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated nanoleakage at the bonding
interfaces. A profilometer determined roughnesses of enamel surfaces
after phosphoric acid etching, OV priming, or TNBU conditioning. SEM
observed the corresponding surface morphology. NMR and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) characterized chemical bonding in hydroxyapatites
(HAps) conditioned with the adhesives. Etch-and-rinse samples had
significantly stronger bonding than self-etch samples (
p
< 0.05) irrespective of aging. The μTBS values for initial
and aged OV were significantly higher than those of TNBU (
p
< 0.05). Aging did not significantly decrease μTBS
for any sample except TNBU (
p
< 0.05), but it
significantly aggravated nanoleakage. Etch-and-rinse processing resulted
in less nanoleakage than self-etching; the OV samples leaked less
than TNBU, both before and after aging. Phosphoric acid etching achieved
the highest enamel surface roughness, followed by OV primer. Ca–O–P
bonds in hydroxyapatite conditioned with TNBU, SBU, and CUBQ were
confirmed by NMR, which showed similar results to XPS observations
of conditioned hydroxyapatite powders except OV primer. The GPDM-based,
two-step, self-etch adhesive can provide higher micromechanical retention
potential, bond strength, and durability than the MDP-based universal
adhesive in self-etch mode but lower performance than the MDP-based
universal adhesive in etch-and-rinse mode. None of the tested adhesives
could avoid nanoleakage after aging.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.